仿照背影写一篇作文框架【一】
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为，语言交际是一个认知过程，交际双方之所以能够配合默契，是因为有一个最佳的认知模式，即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定：语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标，人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息，以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向，但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联，即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果，并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设，所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境，交际中的语境不是固定不变的，而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示，即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图；推理，即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中，听话人的推理是理解话语的核心，而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联，关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果，有了语境效果，就能正确理解话语，使交际获得成功。
仿照背影写一篇作文框架【二】
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下，从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写，把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程，在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联，对真实交际意图做作出推理，从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解，达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献：
[1]Gutt，Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance：Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford：Blackwell，1991。
[2]Sperber，D。& Wilson，D。Relevance：Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford： Blackwell，1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究，1999，（3）。
[4]蒋坚松，黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007。
仿照背影写一篇作文框架【三】
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
仿照背影写一篇作文框架【四】
那年冬天，我的母亲去世了，临时委派的职务也卸职向后任交代了情况，近几天正是祸不单行的日子。几年未见的儿子从北京回到徐州打算跟着我奔丧回家。到徐州见着我看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起了母亲，眼泪不禁簌簌流下。我劝他说：“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路！”虽如此劝他，可我的心里却不住地咽着苦水：母亲去世，交卸了差使，以后的日子要怎样度过？
回家把家中的财产都抵押出去才还了亏空；又借钱办了丧事。这些时日，家中光景惨淡得很，一半为了给母亲办丧事，一半为了我赋闲。丧事办妥后，我要到南京谋事，儿子也要回北京念书，我们便同行。
到南京时，有朋友约儿子去游逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便须渡江到浦口，下午上车北去。我因事务忙多，本已说定不去送儿子，叫旅馆里一个熟识的茶房陪我同去，可怎么也不放心。再三嘱咐茶房，但又怕茶房不妥帖；我再三犹豫：行李这么多，车站买票的人也很多，还要办很多事情，他一个二十岁的孩子又没来过北京几次怎么办的妥帖？家里已经出了这么多事，他不能再有什么闪失，我就是要办的事情再多也要去送他！儿子再三劝我不必去；我只说：“不要紧，他们去不好！”
我们过了江，进了车站。儿子买票，我忙着照看行李。行李太多了，得向脚夫行些小费才可过去可我们的钱也不多了，只好忙着和他们讲价钱。可能那时儿子总觉得我说话不大漂亮，非要插嘴不可，但我也终于讲定了价钱；就送他上车。我给他拣定了靠车门的一张椅子；他将我给他做的紫毛大衣铺好座位。我嘱咐他路上多加小心，夜里要警醒些，不要受凉。又嘱托茶房好好照应他，以免他不能很好的料理自己。可他能明白我这一片苦心吗？
他说道：“爸爸，你走吧。”我往车外看了看，总觉得还缺点什么，突然想到儿子在路上还没有解渴食品，便对他说：“我买几个橘子去。你就在此地，不要走动。”走到那边月台，须穿过铁道，须跳下去又爬上去。我虽是一个胖子，走过去要费事些，可是给儿子买橘子还是我自己去吧。我走到铁道边，探身下去再穿过铁道，要爬上那边月台，感到有些不容易。我用两手攀着上面，两脚再向上缩；我走到月台的栅栏外的小摊旁买了一些又红又大的橘子。到火车这边时，儿子赶紧过来搀我，心中感到阵阵暖意。他和我走到车上，将橘子一股脑儿放在他的皮大衣上。扑扑衣上的泥土，心里很轻松：儿子在路上也有可以解渴的'吃食了，这下也放心了些。我下车后还是有些担心儿子，过一会儿说：“我走了，到那边来信！”他望着我走出去。我走了几步，回过头看见他，说：“进去吧，里边没人。”等他回去后我便很轻松的走了。
近几年来，儿子和我都是东奔西走，家中光景更是一日不如一日。我少年出外谋生，独立支持，做了许多大事。哪知老境却如此颓唐！我看到家庭如此败落的情况，心里感到悲伤，自然无法控制自己，使激动的情绪平静下来。情感积聚在心里不得发泄，自然要发泄出来；家庭琐屑的事情也往往惹怒我。我待儿子渐渐不同往日。但最近两年不见，我也忘却他的不好，只是惦记着他，惦记着他的儿子。他北来后我写了一信给他，信中说道：“我身体平安，唯膀子疼痛厉害，举箸提笔，诸多不便，大约大去之期不远矣。”唉！我不知何时再能与他相见！
仿照背影写一篇作文框架【五】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
