1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
离开了恩施大峡谷,我们又来到了贵阳的黄果树瀑布。
听领队说黄果树瀑布景区面积可大了,如果步行到瀑布那里得走好一阵呢。景区有电瓶车,但是妈妈说不坐,要走一走看一看路上的风景,没办法只好走路了。一路上,我们就像进了百花园一样,各种花花草草争相开放非常漂亮,越往前走,瀑布的声响越大,离瀑布也越来越近了,我拉着妈妈的手飞快的往前跑着,妈妈跑的上气不接下气,连声说慢点慢点。就在这时一个巨大的瀑布映入了我的眼帘,扑面而来的'水雾让人为之一震,瀑布直泻而下,一泻千里,力量非同小可,水落到地面发出震耳欲聋的声响,惊天动地,溅起不计其数的水花,阵阵微风吹过,把瀑布吹得如烟如雾,落到每个人的身上,好像下过蒙蒙细雨一样凉凉的,感觉很舒服。
我们不断向上攀爬,来到了第二个山腰观景台,只见瀑布从山顶以不可阻挡的力量以泻而下,这时候因为站在高处,瀑布的声音并没有很大,但却像千万只小鸟统一鸣叫那样悠扬,我现在的感觉非常的惬意。
我们又返回到山脚下,远望去,万丈青山衬着白银,像一条带子挂在山上,清澈的水流从山上真泻下来撞击着岩石,飞溅起一朵朵水花,整个瀑布好似一个珍珠织成的屏。
美丽的黄果树瀑布!
今年,我和爸爸,妈妈一起去了阳。我非常喜欢这个地方,称它为爽爽的贵阳。贵阳为什么是爽爽的呢?让我来告诉你们吧!贵阳是一个四处环山的地方,树木茂盛,整个城市大部分都被森林覆盖,充满了绿的生机。特别是雨过天晴,清风悠悠吹来,凉丝丝的还带着绿味的清香。
我和爸爸、妈妈一起去了青岩古镇。那是一个历史悠久的小镇,古老的建筑,传统的文化。这里还有许多我从未见过的新鲜玩意儿。有装饰品、首饰等许多有趣的物品,我和妈妈一起跑进一家具有民族风格的小店,妈妈给我买了一枚漂亮的小花戒指,自己买了几条手机挂链。
我们来到了美丽的花溪湖畔。那是一个以水闻名的地方,走到这里,就能看见小溪小河。这里有我从未见过的水草,这些水草一条紧挨着一条,像一条条长长的水中“地毯”,我们还一起坐了小船,欣赏了湖畔两旁的美景。
贵阳有一个好玩的儿童欢乐世界,我们一起玩了海盗船、过山车、摩天轮、飞舟冲浪等,看了4D电影,玩得可爽了!
贵阳的气候也非常凉爽,丝丝凉风吹过来,仿佛像风儿轻轻抚摸着你的脸儿。
凉爽的贵阳,爽爽的贵阳!
黄果树大瀑布是国家5A级风景区,宽一百零一米,高七十七点五米,是亚洲最大的瀑布。今年暑假,我去了贵阳市,去了黄果树大瀑布。
我们跟着导游先到了黄果树小瀑布,宽阔的瀑布展现在我的眼前,据导游说:“这是黄果树小瀑布,宽一百零四米,高二十一米,比黄果树大瀑布还要宽呢。”这黄果树小瀑布是西游记后幕师徒四人走过的那个瀑布。
到了中午,我们吃了午饭,就向黄果树大瀑布走去,看到了黄果树大瀑布,才知道黄果树大瀑布的水下来的真猛啊!掀起了很大的水雾,即便是离它还有二三十米远,也会觉得是在下小雨,水雾实在是太大了。据说这个黄果树大瀑布是西游记里的水帘洞,我真想去看看猴子们住的地方,没想到真能进去,怎么进去呢?难不成还要像孙悟空一样飞进去?原来,有一个入口,我们就进去了,可没想到那里人山人海,终于让我挤进去了,我真想喊:“我到瀑布里面了。”可是人太多了,我不想喊了,只是和人们一起往前走,这水帘洞里黑漆漆的一片,一看就不是猴子们住的地方。妈妈说:这里不是真正的水帘洞。我们出了洞,我已经成了落汤鸡了,因为我没有穿雨衣。往回走时我们经过了一个地方,导游说是流沙河,我看的确很像。这黄果树真无愧是国家5A级风景区。
黄果树大瀑布真美!
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
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