1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
记忆的碎片似零星般散落在四处,发出一声又一声叮铃叮铃的声音,这清脆的铃声回旋在我的耳畔。它们因为长时间的遗忘而显得有些黯淡,我蹲下身子,将它们拾起编奏成属于我自己的歌谣。
童年的我大部分的时光都是在乡下度过的,那里没有玩具,没有网络,没有城市里的风尘,没有高楼大厦,有的却是那空旷而又恬静的田野,那同我一起玩耍的大树小草,石子小路,当然还有我爱的和爱我的奶奶。
奶奶一辈子都在农田里耕种着人生,岁月的痕迹爬满了她的脸庞,奶奶很爱笑,她笑时发出咯咯的声响,似一曲华尔兹在我的心头荡漾开来。奶奶的手因为长时间在农田里侍弄庄稼而布满了一个又一个的.老茧。小时候的我贪玩,总像个跟屁虫似的跟在奶奶身后一起下田去。到了田里我当然也不会安分,奶奶干活,而我在一旁自己玩自己的。我喜欢用水将田里的泥土浇湿,然后堆成了一个小泥山,用自己又白又嫩的小手不停地拍打着它们。啪啪,啪啪啪,用手拍打泥土的声音回荡在我的耳边,我也跟着这美妙的音乐扭了起来。奶奶站在一旁看着傻乐的我,笑了。
我觉得站累了,于是便一屁股坐了下来,坐下来之后,发现自己全身没有一点干净的地方,白白的衬衫溅上了一个又一个的泥点,这些泥点似蜻蜓点水般,荡出了一波又一波的涟漪,似一个石头落入水中,嘀嗒一声,发出柔软的音符。
我用小手抓起一团黑乎乎的泥巴,捏成一个又一个的小人,它们并排站着,我朝奶奶笑着。有时我会很幼稚地问奶奶一些稀奇古怪的问题:“奶奶,你说我捏出来的小人会不会走路呢? 女娲娘娘就是这样造人的呢。”说完,我会特别天真地和小人说着话:“小人小人,快快起来,我们一起玩嘛。”那时,奶奶便会放下手中的农具,笑得上气不接下气,然后用她那粗糙的大手刮了刮我的鼻子:“你个傻丫头,不知道那个故事是个神话吗? 而且女娲娘娘也是神仙啊。”我用不相信的眼神看着奶奶,随后,便用小手指着小人,嘴里念了一大堆我自己都听不懂的语言,然后站在一旁用着期望的眼神看着小人,可是小人依旧纹丝不动地立在那里。奶奶无奈地看着我,而我呢,不肯善罢甘休,一个人站在那里继续重复那些动作。累了,直接躺下,抬头仰望着蓝天,白白的云朵,蓝蓝的天空,相依在一起,织成了一首沁人心脾的乐章。微风也似一个又一个小小的音符在我的身边拂过,我用手指轻轻地拨动着它,听它发出一声又一声的声响,我跟着这动人的音乐哼了起来,奏成一曲属于自己的歌。
夜幕降临了,我牵着奶奶的手行走在月色下的羊肠小路上,道旁小草刮碰在衣服上发出沙沙的声响,陪伴着我们一同前行。
然而美好的回忆总是被残酷的现实惊醒。现在乡下的老房子卖掉了,我们一家都来到了城里生活,我被城里的喧嚣束缚着,感受不到一丝的活力。我多想回到从前无忧无虑的田园时光啊!
听着过往给我留下的歌曲,美妙而又动听,我似那小小的音符穿梭在音波之中,回味着那段最美的往事。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
家里有一片果园,从我记事起就一直开花、结果从未停歇。
那是一个收成很好的秋天,果园里所有的果子都已摘回了家中,只剩下空落落的秃树枝和几只偶尔停在树上的鸟儿。我独自一人,闲来无事便散散步,不知不觉中竟然来到了果园门外。
园里一副悲凉景象,天是灰的,地是灰的,树也是灰的,触景生情,我不竟有几分感慨。春夏之际,他们是那样朝气蓬勃、年轻、自信,又美丽。可是如今花掉叶落,孕育良久的果实也被人剥夺,竟落得这样悲惨的结果。
忽然,一阵阵清脆有力的“咔嚓”声唤回了我越飘越远的思绪。寻声探去,我发现爸爸在果园深处拿着一把剪刀,不知在做什么。只见地上落下许多被刚剪下来的树枝,秋风中,被剪枝的老果树显得越是丑陋、凄惨。
我十分不解,不由分说的抢下了爸爸手中的剪刀:“爸,你这是在干嘛啊!刚摘完果子就把树枝剪掉,这和过河拆桥有什么两样。你不是常告诉我做人要懂得感恩的吗?可难道对树木就不用去感恩吗?”
爸爸没有被我的突然出现和过激行为震倒。他缓缓的解释道:“孩子,你不懂。这也是为了让果树在明年能结出更多的果实啊!”我有些生气的反驳道:“还骗我,树枝都被剪掉这么多了,还怎么结果实啊?”父亲并没有立即回答我,他低头沉思了几秒后淡淡的告诉我:“明年你就会明白了。”
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