1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
年初二晚上九点多钟,我和爸爸妈妈坐着飞机来到了历史悠久的古城——西安。到旅馆是已经一点多了,刚沾 床,我就呼呼大睡了,一觉就睡到了天亮。
第二天一早,我们就去了国家八大奇迹中的——秦始皇陵兵马俑。兵马俑的建造,是因为秦始皇生前没有完成统一大业,想在后继续完成。
我们先去了一号坑,这个坑发现是因为西杨村缺水,四个姓杨的农民再打井是发现了一个兵马俑的头,因为当时了一个儿童,村里人都觉得他们挖出来了一个妖怪,小孩了是因为妖怪的诅咒,一个挖井的村民还被逐出村子了,可一个叫杨志发的村民把这个兵马俑的头送进了博物院,专家鉴定出这是个文物,一号坑就是这么被发掘的。
可是二号坑一进,我就傻眼了——二号坑一个兵马俑都没有。导游看我这副表情,知道了我在想些什么,就说:“因为兵马俑上有颜色,可是出土就消失了,专家还不知道怎么办,就只能这个样子了。”我恍然大悟。导游又讲:“二号坑的兵马俑种类很多,有立射俑、跪射俑将军俑……鞋尖翘得越高,官就越大,除了看鞋尖,还可以看头发的绑发。”
接着,我们看到了三号坑,三号坑相当于军事基地,除了有很多想是在对话的兵马俑外,还有很多绑着尾巴的马,专家鉴定那种马脚红枣马,但是现在已经失传。绑起马尾是为了让马不受风的阻力,跑得更快。除了马那里还有鹿,导游说那可能是用来祭祀的。
今天的旅程就到这里就结束了。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
热歪了的西安,全身上下,哪哪都是汗。
不管是澡堂一套一套的华清宫,还是雄伟壮观的兵马俑。都是——太阳照得到的地方:晒;太阳照不到的地方:闷;太阳照得到或照不到的地方:热。
“逃啊!逃离西安!逃离火炉!”怀着这样的心情,我走进机场,拿到机票。
当眼睛瞟了一眼机票时,我大跌眼镜——机票上赫然印着:1E!!!
不知是不是机翼边上的位子便宜一些,反正我每次跟着旅游团去乘飞机都坐机翼边上的位子。这次破天荒的坐了经济舱的第一排,我觉得挺新鲜。而且我们团有很多人都坐前排的座位。这么“先进”,我还是头一次见。
乘飞机一道必经工序开始:换座位。爸爸妈妈们想换到孩子旁边,小孩想换到小孩旁边。于是,问来问去,换来换去。最后,我还是1E,右边是施奕涵,左边是陌生人。
坐定。我终于亲眼目睹旁边的陌生人了:中年男人,脸色铁青,胡子拉渣,一脸不爽地打量着边上的两个小孩。施奕涵轻轻跟我说:“这人好凶神恶煞啊。”然后她对后面的周倏易说:“倏易,我跟你换位置好不好,那个人很恐怖!”后面的周倏易和林亦超正热火朝天地玩三国卡,自然不愿意。
戒备松懈了,我和施奕涵开始讨论QQ空间里的游戏了。“啊!多天没上线,东西要被偷光了!” “你有没有狗?”“我没Q币,有狗也买不起狗粮。”……“你最好的车子是什么”“牧羊人啊”……“你有几个奴隶?”“7个”……
我们像一群叽叽喳喳的麻雀,吵吵闹闹,吵吵闹闹。“邻居”的脸色越来越难看,我们两个还是讲啊讲;“邻居”两眼瞪着天花板上的灯,我们两个还是说啊说;“邻居”把报纸翻得簌簌响,我们两个还是吵啊吵。后来,那人干脆跑到前面的头等舱了
九寨沟遥遥在望。
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