1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
一天上午,一群蚂蚁饿得饥肠辘辘,就一起出来觅食。他们找到了许多美食,然后心满意足地走上了回家的路。
蚂蚁们迈着整齐的步伐,穿过了茂密的树林,经过了清澈的小河,却在走近悬崖时碰到了一个大难题——上面的木桥不见了,只剩下一根摇摇欲坠的树枝。蚂蚁队长深吸一口气,往树枝上走,想去试试这根树枝坚不坚固。“我先上去看看,等我说可以了,你们再走过来。”说完,蚂蚁队长就上去跳了跳,树枝并没有断,他心中悬着的巨石终于落地了。然后,他吹起了哨子,大声地说:“上来吧!可以啦!”于是,整队的蚂蚁都冲了上来,树枝经受不住这么大的重量,“咔”的一声,裂开了一条缝。还好他们及时地跑了回来,不然就要一齐坠落了。
在蚂蚁们惊魂未定的'时候,蚂蚁队长发现地面上有一张报纸,顿时心花怒放。他笑眯眯地跟蚂蚁们说:“你们瞧,这里有一张报纸,不如我们把它折成飞机,好好地享受一次空中之旅吧!”蚂蚁们觉得这主意不错,就异口同声地说:“好啊!”然后他们就开始折起了飞机。可是,他们一会儿折成小兔,一会儿又折成大象。队长焦急地指挥着:“往上折,不对,再往下折!”折腾了许久,一架纸飞机才终于造好了。
蚂蚁队长对一只身强力壮的兵蚁说:“等会儿我们坐上飞机,你就用力把飞机推下去,然后你再跳上来!”这只兵蚁点了点头,照着队长说的话做了。飞机一开始垂直下降。忽然,一阵微风吹来,他们就乘风而行,飞过树林,飞过大山,飞过峡谷……后来,风越来越急,飞机狠狠地撞上了石头,飞机上的零件全都掉了,他们自己也摔得头晕眼花。
可是,这些蚂蚁并没有放弃。他们又把飞机折成小船,坐着船顺水漂浮,最终平安地回到了家。
如果我们像这群蚂蚁一样遇事不慌乱,而是团结一致想办法,那么所有的问题都能迎刃而解了。
一个晴朗的星期天,我和表妹一起做游戏。突然看见一只蚂蚁爬了过来,我心里想着:“蚂蚁会‘认路’吗?”于是,我和表妹合作起来,观察蚂蚁“认路”。
我们一路跟着蚂蚁走来走去的,看来它是迷路了,那只小蚂蚁望了望太阳,闻了闻地上。又走了起来,我想:“它在干什么呢?”我们就一起一讨论;表妹说:“我们设计一些‘障碍物’让它迷路,有可能会知道它在干什么,以及它会‘认路’吗?”这一连串的问题。我们设计了一个“迷宫”,还是根据小蚂蚁走过的路线来设计的。看它有几中走法儿能够走出这个“大迷宫”,小蚂蚁走进了“迷宫”,还总是把上地面上,用力地闻,还边走边闻,头还时不时地看看天空里的太阳。就这样小蚂蚁终于走出了这个“大迷宫”。我想它看太阳是因为迷路了,看自己所定的位置在哪儿,另外边走边闻地上是因为走家时门学留下了气味在地上。我想看看自己说对对不对,到网上一查,和我想的差不多呢,所以说它们会“认路。”
我一定要努力学习,动物的世界是这么神奇,还有好多秘密等我们去发现的。
一觉醒来,伸了伸懒腰,还没清醒,突然我旁边的一片“树林”瞬间倒了,这一下可把我吓醒了,我抬头一望,映入眼帘的是一个戴着红领巾的小朋友,可我觉得他简直是巨人国来的。蝴蝶停在花上采蜜,身体却大得像一架飞机,一只蚂蚁向我走来,向我问:“你好,你是新来的吗?我以前好像没见过你。”我顿时呆住了,我怎么听得懂蚂蚁的话?我正在疑惑时,一片落叶上的露珠使我看到了我的模样,两根长长的触角就让我恍然大悟:“我变成蚂蚁了!我可不想当蚂蚁!”我拼命的喊,可没有一个人理我,我终于喊累了,身旁的小蚂蚁不忍心让我一个人在这里,便让我回了她的家。
虽然很着急,但走进村庄,还是让我吃了一惊,这里也有餐厅也有学校,村民们住在又大又宽敞的地下宫殿里,所有工作都有序的进行着,一队队的蚂蚁出去寻找食物,我也跟着去了,刚走没多久一只蜻蜓就进入了我们的视线,成为了目标,一群蚂蚁蜂拥而上,蜻蜓身上瞬间就披了一件“黑色马甲”不久就被抬回蚁穴。
“明天要下雨啦,赶快搬家!”一声嘹亮的声音将宁静划破,随而就是收拾行李的声响,以前都没有见过真正的蚂蚁搬家,只在书上看到过,一点印象都没有,能这样走丢一次,也值了!既然来了,就好好学习一下动物的智慧吧!等我们找到安全的新家时,天也已经换上了黑色的外套,星星点缀着,不凡的美!
我终于明白,为什么蚂蚁这个弱小的生物能够生存上亿年,因为它们懂得合作的重要性,恐龙虽然庞大,但总是我行我素,所以当灾难来临时,谁也不帮谁,最后的结果就是灭亡。
在一个平平无奇的蚁穴,却有着一个想飞的小蚂蚁。
小蚂蚁对着正在搬食的大蚂蚁喊道:“我要飞,我要飞到人类永远找不到我们的地方区,大家一起跟我研究怎么飞吧!”大家都没理他,还有几个小蚂蚁在那偷偷地笑,小蚂蚁涨红了脸,说:“我一定会飞的,你们等着瞧吧!”小蚂蚁说完,便气冲冲地跑了。
之后的几天,小蚂蚁一直在他的屋里研究怎么飞,突然它想到了蝴蝶小姐的翅膀,它便飞奔去了蝴蝶小姐的家。到了蝴蝶小姐的家后,小蚂蚁说明了来历,蝴蝶小姐热情地招待了它,并同意传授它翅膀制作工艺技术。
就这样,小蚂蚁在蝴蝶姐姐家里通夜未眠,专心致志学习翅膀制造技术。第二天,它终于把能飞的翅膀研究了出来,并飞回了蚁穴。
大家见它是飞回来的,立刻围拢来,并要求再次表演一番。小蚂蚁站在石头上,挥着翅膀飞上了高空,那些蚂蚁十分惊讶,没想到小蚂蚁真的做出来了,小蚂蚁下来后,蚁后走了过来,将它升职为“翅膀大王”,小蚂蚁十分高兴。
只要努力,正如“天才是1%的灵感,加上99%的汗水组成的。”只要努力就一定会成功。
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