四级翻译与作文模板【一】
Dear all,
I am writing this letter to express my gratitude to my parents for teaching me to be positive and to be strong. “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” is the opinion held by Aristotle. It is the experience of our forefathers, however, it is correct even today, including my parenting.
It is widely acknowledged that parenting, which can also be explained as family education, is of great significance in our character forming and manner acquiring. To be more detailed, setting good examples instead of just giving precepts is the greatest achievement of my parents. They not only taught me to think for the best and prepare for the worst; they taught me how. They not only told me the benefits of being strong in mind; they proved it. All those things require huge amount of time and work, but it’s worth it.
Without my parents’ contribution and education, I would never be who I am now. But most importantly, I would never be more gratitude to them than today.
Yours,
XXX
四级翻译与作文模板【二】
(1 模版1
Different people have different views on_____.Some people think that_____,whereas others aegue that __________.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that ___________.For one thing,I firmly believe that ___________.For another,_____________.Just think of________,who/which_______.
Taking all these factors into consideration,we may safely come to the conclusion that______.Only if_______can we _______,just as the saying goes,________________.
(2模版2
In recent years there have been many reports of ________.It turns a new chapter of _________in China,and will have far-reaching effects in the forthcoming years.
The biggest benefit,in my eyes,is that_______.In addition,_______.Finally,______________.
Apart from the benefits mentioned above,we should also face several unavoidable challenges.In the first place,_____________.In the second place,________.What’s more,_______________.In summary,we should_______________.
(3模版3
Nowadays more and more ______are commonly and widely used in everyday life,ranging from __________to_____________.
The popularity of _______will have a great influence on ______.On the one hand,_________.On the other hand,__________.
To conclude,____________are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may________.However,one point should be kept in mind that we should make sensible use,always being a master instead of slaving of them.
四级翻译与作文模板【三】
改写这一概念是Lefevere 提出的，他认为翻译、编史、选集、批评、编辑等等都是不同形式的改写，它们都从某种程度上对原文进行了改变和操控，其中翻译是最为明显、最有影响的改写，因为它在另一种文化中树立了作者或者作品的形象，让他们突破了原文化的界限。在《翻译、改写以及对文学名声的制控》的前言中，Bassnette 和Lefevere 指出翻译是对原文的改写，而所有的改写，不管出于什么目的，都体现了某种意识形态和诗学，也同样对文学进行操控让它在某个社会中起到特定的作用（viii）。在这本书中，Lefevere 多次提到改写同意识形态和诗学的关系，翻译作为最明显的改写形式也要受到意识形态和诗学的限制。
（一）意识形态
意识形态有广泛的意义，是一个关于社会文化的概念。当我们谈论意识形态的时候，可能会涉及到政治经济情况、民族的文化导向甚至某个社会的文学体系。意识形态在翻译中起着重要作用，决定了译者将要采取的基本策略。Lefevere 在他的另一本书《文学翻译：比较文学背景下的理论与实践》中，明确指出译者都想出版自己的作品，如果译作同目标文化中人们接受的行为标准，也就是这种文化中的'意识形态不冲突，那译者的目的就容易达到。翻译过程中最为有影响力的意识形态限制来自于政治，尤其是在那些政治敏感的社会或者时期，在这样的情况下，译者必须做出决定选择哪些类型的文本以及翻译的策略。
（二）诗学
诗学包括两部分，一方面指文学手段、文学样式、主题、原形人物、情节和象征等一系列文学要素，另一方面指的是观念，即在社会体系中，文学起什么作用，或应起什么作用。不同文化中的诗学会相互冲突，目的语文化中处于主导地位的诗学必然会影响到译者的翻译，所以为了达到某种诗学要求，译者必须做出让步，因为一种文化中人们广泛认可的诗学可能在另一种文化中并不受欢迎，这时候就需要译者采取有效的翻译策略，比如遵循目的语文化中的叙事方式或者改变原作的结构等等。
改写理论有着很强的适用性，它不同于以往文本对照的研究方法，而更关注翻译的“成品”，为研究文学翻译提供了新的视角。
参考文献：
[1]Lefevere, André. Translation, Rewriting, & theManipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press, 2004.
[2] —. Translating Literature: Practice and Theory in aComparative Literature Context. New York: TheModern Language Association of America,1992.
四级翻译与作文模板【四】
Dear Mary,
You said in your letter that many of your classmates wore fashionableclothes, but you couldn't afford them so you felt very depressed. There are dif-ferent views on people's clothes. The followings are my ideas:
Firstly, you shouldn't put too much emphasis on physical appearance.
Remember that the most important task for you today is to concentrate on yourstudies. No matter what you wear, you will really look your best when youcome out first in your examinations.
Secondly, you should understand that it is a fine virtue to live in fru-gality. Just as a famous saying goes, Frugality is the mother of virtue.
Since your family can't provide you with enough money to buy fashionableclothes, it is all the more necessary for you to try to lighten the financialburden of your family. And you will find the virtue of frugality benefit youa lot in your future life.
I hope you understand what I mean. Hope you will take a positive attitudetowards life and will be happy again when you read my letter.
Yours,
Anne
四级翻译与作文模板【五】
Dear my father and mother,
This letter is my inner feelings. I want to thank both of you for so many years’ care and help.
During my growth, you have made a lot of efforts and love for me. When I make a success, both of you are more excited than me, and support me to do better. Even though I have failed, you always share sorrow with me and encourage me not to give up. Especially, during my preparation for CET-4, the support from you is always everywhere. I have passed the exam successfully.
You love is so unselfish that I am deeply affected, so I will study hard to be a useful person and won’t make you disappointed. Anyway, I would like to express the deep gratitude to you.
With best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
四级翻译与作文模板【六】
20 世纪70 年代以前，西方翻译理论界主要采取文艺学和语言学两种研究模式，前者视翻译为艺术，强调译作的文学价值，后者视翻译为科学，把翻译理论和语义、语法作用的分析紧密结合起来，从语言的使用技巧上论述翻译。两者都是要把原文和译文进行文本对照。70 年代以后，翻译的理论研究出现了多元化的趋势，越来越多的学者开始注重文化对翻译的影响。他们把翻译放到一个宏大的文化语境中去审视，认为翻译是译入语社会中一个独特的政治行为、文化行为、文学行为，而译本是译者在译入语社会的诸多因素作用下的结果。从文化角度对翻译进行研究有着明显的优势，研究者借用各种当代文化理论去考察、剖析翻译作为跨文化交际行为在译入语社会中的巨大影响和作用，从而展现出翻译研究的巨大空间和发展前景。其中最为著名的就是“翻译研究学派”。
1972 年，客居荷兰的美国学者Holmes 发表了重要论文《翻译研究的名与实》，首次提出了“翻译研究”的概念，他认为翻译研究应当被视为一门独立学科，Holmes 也成为翻译研究学派的奠基人。翻译研究在20 世纪80 和90年代得以迅猛发展。我们从维也纳大学教授、知名学者Snell-Hornby 的论述中能看出其发展轨迹。1987 年Snell-Hornby 指出翻译研究无疑是属于未来的学科，到了1995 年她在《翻译研究——综合法》修订版的前言中已经把翻译研究称为一门发展速度惊人的独立学科了。
很多学者为翻译研究后来的发展做出了贡献，Lefevere 就是翻译研究学派的一位杰出代表，他的改写理论对翻译的文化研究有着深远的影响。
