翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。
也许你对目前的生活状况感到十分满意,但是你想过没有,还有许多人处在窘迫的困境之中,于是构建和谐社会就成为我们所有人共同奋斗的目标。现在中国正以矫健的步伐大踏步地不断攀升,世界的目光都在注视着我们,然而,个别国家为了遏止我们的发展而散布一些不利于我们的言论,于是,构建和谐社会是当务之急。我们必须以实际行动向世界证明,我们的强大必会给世界的和平带来有利因素。
这样,我们构建一个诚信友爱,充满活力,安定有序,人与自然和谐相处的社会。构建和谐社会,必须依靠每一个炎黄子孙的共同努力。我们生活在民族复兴的伟大时代,我们有责任为构建和谐社会作贡献。我们不能坐享其成,而应该从我做起,从先在做起。
首先,我们必须得勤劳。勤劳的人们总是追赶着太阳的步伐,而且还很光荣。他们用自己的双手创造着未来。我们虽然算不上什么真正意义上的劳动者,然而,我们还是有能力做一些力所能及的事情。扫扫地,擦擦桌,抹抹窗,等等。其实这些很简单,用不着太多的力气,还可以活动活动筋骨。
其次,还必须有责任感。它是人格高尚的重要组成部分,一种高尚的情感,一种博大的胸怀,一种执着的精神,一种自觉的'奉献。徐本禹,他依崇高的责任感温暖了贫困山区的心灵,感动了中国。我们又和乐而不为呢?扶扶老弱病残,帮帮身边的每一个人,这样,我们的心情也会很愉快的。
再次,要有感恩的心。感恩是万物的共性,感恩更是一种人性美。古人说:“滴水之恩,当以涌泉相报。”陈敬道,一个大学毕业生,得到了善良人的帮助,为了感恩,选择到农村支教。黄舸,一个先天性肌无力患者,得到了许多人的帮住,为了说一声谢谢,走遍了祖国的大江南北,寻找那些帮助过他的人。
最后,要遵守诺言。俗话说:“言比信,行必果”,遵守诺言之所以很重要是因为诚信具有无上的价值。是否实践诺言是构建诚信社会的基础。如果人们不把守信重诺作为制约自身、与人交往的行为准则,影响社会各个层面,社会将呈现的是谎言和欺骗,社会和谐就是一句空话。
“落霞与孤骛齐飞,秋水共长天一色”,构建和谐,你我共同参与。
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下,从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写,把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程,在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联,对真实交际意图做作出推理,从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解,达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献:
[1]Gutt,Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance:Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford:Blackwell,1991。
[2]Sperber,D。& Wilson,D。Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford: Blackwell,1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究,1999,(3)。
[4]蒋坚松,黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007。
如今贷款买房买车,或申请信用卡,银行都会查看申请人的信用档案,了解申请人的信用记录。不仅如此,信用的应用正向求职、租房等更多的领域拓展,逐渐成为每个人的“经济身份证”。今后,企业、个人的水、电、煤气缴费情况和欠税情况等都将纳入信用记录。既然社会生活离不开诚信行为,经济活动也离不开信用体系,那么我们应该如何构建现代社会信用体系?笔者认为,构建现代社会信用体系,应依靠政府和社会各界的力量,将国外的有益与我国的实际相结合,针对我国的信用状况,尤其是针对生产经营、交易安全、消费安全等方面的问题,进行重点研究和实践探索。
个人信用信息将全面记录在案。 信用体系建设工作重点围绕信用信息系统建设、诚信信息平台建设、个人信用信息的征集、失信行为的联合惩戒展开。扩大信用信息征集范围,拓宽诚信信息平台服务内容,积极推进个人信用档案的建设,推行联合信用惩戒,以交通管理、城市管理违法违规行为等为切入点,对部分失信行为进行累计式曝光,构建“守信褒扬、失信惩戒”长效管理机制。政府信用信息包括各县区、市政府各部门年度依法行政考核信息。比如,政府部门年度依法行政考核是否合格,行政机关事业单位是否有拖欠水费等。而企业和个人的基础信息主要包括身份标识信息、资质认证信息、注册登记信息等;企业和个人的信用信息主要包括企业和个人违反各项行政管理法律法规被查处信息、拖欠公共事业收费信息、未执行判决信息、各类奖励表彰信息等。
征信部门、企业与学校的共同参与。现代信用体系建设,还需要征信部门、企业、学校等社会各界力量的共同参与。征信部门是采集个人、法人或其他组织信用信息的部门,是保障现代社会信用体系稳健运行的基础部门。信用体系建设初始阶段的核心任务是促进征信体系的发展;而企业是市场经济活动的主体,随着经济契约化的`发展,企业信用将成为合作与交易的先决条件,它是市场经济发展到一定阶段企业的必然选择,既是买方市场的产物,也是信用经济长期以来的发展结果,无论对卖方企业、买方企业、银行信贷和国民经济发展均有积极的促进作用。各类学校也要积极参与现代信用体系建设,可以开设信用管理专业或相关课程,一方面使信用观念、信用意识、信用道德的教育系统化,逐步形成完善的信用教育体系;另一方面培养优秀的信用服务专门人才,满足全社会对高级信用服务、信用教育等方面的需求。目前,国内的一些高校已参与到社会信用体系的建设中。
市民有失信行为将受惩戒。全面推进信用体系建设工作,为市民建立个人信用档案。《个人信用信息征集使用管理办法》规范了个人信用信息的征集、使用及监督管理等活动,办法出台后将大力推动个人信用档案建设工作。《失信行为惩戒办法》对行政区域内社会法人、自然人失信行为的认定、惩戒和管理进行了规范,明确社会法人、自然人失信行为按照严重程度从低到高划分为3个等级,分别是轻微失信行为、较重失信行为和严重失信行为。在进行等级划分后,将按照等级实行不同的惩戒措施,督促社会法人和自然人珍爱自己的信用记录,远离失信行为。
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
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