1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
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The topic of ①________(主题is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②________(支持A的理由一What is more, ③________(理由二. Moreover, ④________(理由三.
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,________(支持B的理由一. Secondly (besides,⑥____________(理由二. Thirdly (finally,⑦____________(理由三.
From my point of view, I think ⑧________(我的观点. The reason is that ⑨____________(原因. As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .
(2 给出一个观点,要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①________(观点一. For example, they think ②________(举例说明.And it will bring them ③________(为他们带来的好处.
In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④____(我不同意该看法的理由一. For another thing, ⑤____(反对的理由之二. Form all what I have said,I agree to the thought that ⑥____(我对文章所讨论主题的看法.英语六级写作技巧
很多人说人类最纯净的友情只存在于孩提时代,最慷慨、最单纯的友善也只存在于孩提时代。孩提时代,指的是还不懂事的稚童吗?是吧,所谓的青梅竹马、两小无猜不都是存在童年的那段清澈的记忆中吗?所以,每个人说起这句话时,无不带着无奈与惋惜。
我一直这样认为,友善的存在是因为朋友的存在,而朋友的存在是因为生活的寂寞,于是我们不断寻找,不断询问,不断尝试,找寻着那个可以给我们安慰的那个人。他们在我们欢笑时与我们一起快乐了,他们在我们失意时陪我们一起流泪了,他们在我们委屈时与我们一起愤愤不平了,他们在我们盲目时指引方向了,于是,很自然我们就成了朋友了。然而,没有人能知道,这样的朋友之间,是什么在努力维持的,也许是为了一段记忆,也许是为了当初的一个承诺,也许是为了一个自己也说不清的.理由,自然的,这样的友谊是短暂的,无可留恋的。
所以,一个朋友的存在,需要我们用心来爱护。友善的意义也在于此。
无论是相识的人,还是陌生的人,都需要拥有我们的爱与关怀来继续走下去,这样,相识的人不会分离,这样,陌生的人就会相识,这样,朋友才有了存在的价值,这样,朋友就真的只是朋友了,这样,友善就一直陪伴在我们身边了。
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1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
他们的时代,本分安己便是福气;而我们是喧闹的,我们热爱狂欢的感觉,喜欢追逐炫的.潮流。他们的时代,学习好便样样拔尖;而我们是贪心的,我们有自己的爱好,语数英的成绩已不足够说明些什么。他们的时代,奔高官,想富有;而我们明白,我们要的不是权力与财富,即使做乞丐也应快乐的面对每一天。
我们会毫无顾忌的与异性称兄道弟,开心时便仰天大笑;我们会频频光顾各种小店,间隔坐具进行到底;我们会成群结队的去打电动、吃快餐,而忘记了时间这是他们的儿童与少年的时代中不曾经历过的。
而事实上,不仅是我们,他们自己也在改变。丢掉了童心,在成人这个厚重的保护层下去说服自己,那时的自己是幼稚的,却不肯承认,那时的纯真,与那时的快乐。
我记得,那是我的一个姐姐,她是班里的骨干,似乎有什么事情便自当是她首当其冲。那天她回家晚了,为了一件她本可以离开、但对于她的班级却相当重要的事情。她妈妈骂了她很多难听的话,说她缺心眼儿神经病。我不知道她妈妈当时为什么没有想到责任和义务。作为一个高材生,我不相信她没有经历过同样的事情,更不敢相信她就是以这样的态度处世。
我们不得不承认,有时候,我们看不懂大人,正如他们看不懂我们。改变,使我们每个人都必须尊重的事实,若不承认它,便必定要面对一场无谓的争论。争论后两败俱伤,改变却依然明目张胆的横在中间。
改变是必然的,或许我们都应该学会去适应它,而并非徒劳的想要去消灭它。
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