写作文先写框架还是内容【一】
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为，翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程，它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理，而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则，翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者（听者）的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究，对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为：“翻译就是交际。”他指出，信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用，而译文如果起不到交际作用，不能为读者所理解，就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者，因此，要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图，这就需要译者首先要理解原文，并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联，获得最佳的语境效果，最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果，并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程，而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此，译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力，还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力，帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联，达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息，这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合，产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中，译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解，从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而，译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构，将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者，只会使译文读者不知所云，导致交际失败。例如，如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达，并未传达原文的真实意义，对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道：壁橱里藏骷髅，丑事家家有。”这样，译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联，译文也更易被中国读者所接受，译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁，其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功，译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联，达到最佳的交际效果。因此，译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解，做出准确的判断，对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人，成事在天”的翻译，霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes，God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩，使译作带上了基督教色彩，从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换，意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中，既要重视语言本身，也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设，不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境，还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息，这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境，而是一系列语境。在话语理解中，人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行，主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的，而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下，交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反，这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设，通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如：“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中，“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起，但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起，汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境，按照中国人的认知思维，把fox翻译成“狐狸精”，那无疑是错误的，因为在英语中，它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此，译者应该对原语进行文化推理，获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文，达到交际的目的。
写作文先写框架还是内容【二】
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
写作文先写框架还是内容【三】
当代著名作家池莉说：“一个人一生可做的事情很多，但世上不知多少聪明人，一生没有做好一件事。”是的，有的人执着于一件事，他们十年磨一剑，甚至献出自己的一生，只为追求一个真理；然而，有的人三心二意，三天打鱼，两天晒网，做什么都是三分钟热度，今天追求这，明天又好奇那。纵使他们有十二分的聪明，最终也一事无成。因为，人生在世，靠的就是恒心。
众所周知，我们东晋大书法家王羲之，他之所以取得如此成就，与他的坚定信念密不可分。王羲之只有一个信念，就是做好书法这件事。于是，从小他就苦苦钻研书法。他坚定信念，不骄不躁。试想，有这样的恒心与毅力，他还不能把这件事做好吗？不负众望，王羲之成了一代大书法家——为后世敬仰的大书法家！从他身上，难道我们就不能思考点什么吗？
放眼世界，眼前会浮现一个熟悉的身影。她就是玛丽·居里。我们伟大的居里夫人，长年在实验室里，进行化学研究。她为了科学，不惜一切代价，甚至自己的生命。因为，居里夫人有一个信念，她要在科学研究上有所成就。最终，居里夫人发现了放射性元素——镭。她也因此获得诺贝尔奖。这位伟大的女性，成功靠的是什么，是恒心！从她身上，难道我们就不应获得点什么吗？
刚刚结束的伦敦奥运会上，再次登上冠军领奖台的林丹，让我们为他喝彩与骄傲。可林丹所付出的辛酸与汗水，又有谁懂？林丹四岁时，在家人的熏陶下开始练习打羽毛球，从此，林丹就将打羽毛球作为自己的追求，也就从那时起，林丹便有了一个信念：先做好一件事——全力以赴打好羽毛球。正如他接受采访时说：“我的成长道路并非一帆风顺，我也不是天才，但我有恒心；我跌倒了，能再爬起来。我心中始终有一个信念：先打好羽毛球……”从他的身上我们难道不领悟点什么吗？
是的，一个人一生能做的事情有很多，但我们应集中精力，全力以赴先做好一件事。这样，成功的几率可能大得多。
写作文先写框架还是内容【四】
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
写作文先写框架还是内容【五】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
写作文先写框架还是内容【六】
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为，语言交际是一个认知过程，交际双方之所以能够配合默契，是因为有一个最佳的认知模式，即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定：语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标，人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息，以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向，但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联，即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果，并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设，所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境，交际中的语境不是固定不变的，而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示，即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图；推理，即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中，听话人的推理是理解话语的核心，而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联，关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果，有了语境效果，就能正确理解话语，使交际获得成功。
写作文先写框架还是内容【七】
??郭先先逃走以后续写滥竽充数的南郭先生沿着城墙逃走了，身边没有任何随从，衣服也只穿着齐宣王特定吹竽人穿的服装，很容易被人发现。再说他的兜里只有一些散碎银两和一个竽，根本不够他走一个星期的费用，怎么办呢？
南郭先生左思右想：我到底干什么好呢？去流浪？找一户好人家，求他收留我？向朝廷报告自己的错误……
就在这时，前面有一对夫妻向他走来，他们说说笑笑，南郭先生很好奇，侧耳倾听：“刚才看见士兵在城门上贴了一张告示，说大王的吹竽团队少了一个人，查了查之后说是一个叫南郭的，只要抓住这个南郭呀，就会有两百两黄金奖励。”南郭先生，听完之后魂都没了，但一看那妻子又要说话了，便不动声色地继续听：“是呀，又听士兵说南郭先生往这个方向走了，咱俩往前走，没准能遇到他呢，那我们以后可就成富翁了，哈哈哈！”那还得了！南郭先生，感觉自己心脏停止了跳动，但瞬间又好像充满了活力，以迅雷不及掩耳之势跑掉了。
其实，南郭先生，不知道跑到哪里也不知道跑了多远，直到自认为很偏僻的地方才停了下来，松了一口气，南郭先生现在又累又饿，但也不敢去大街小巷买东西吃。他打算躺在松软的草地上眯一小会儿，恢复恢复精神。可一倒地，就呼呼地睡着了。
这一觉睡得真香呀！可是，南郭先生一摸发现，这并不是草地啊，他的脑袋里想出了一个可怕的念头：会不会官府人员发现了我？南郭先生猛地睁开眼睛，才发现自己并没有被绑起来呀，再一环顾四周：这是一个的木头房，两个窗子，一个朝阳，一个朝阴，还有一个小柜子……这时门外发出一声低沉的声音：“你醒了？”南郭先生吓了一大跳，立刻坐了起来，身上直冒冷汗，结结巴巴地说：“谁……谁呀？”门被推开了，一个老渔夫走了进来，他皮肤很黑，满头是汗，见南郭先生醒了，便欢喜地说：“请问你是南郭先生吗？”南郭先生，微微点了点头。渔夫又说：“听说国王正在抓你，因为你不会吹竽儿而逃跑了。”南郭先生数了数手指头，才两天时间连个渔夫都知道我不会吹竽了，他害怕地说：“你要干什么？别靠近我！”渔夫慈祥地说：“我就是一个普通的'渔夫，在回家的路上看见你，感到很可怜，我想我没有儿子，便打算收养你来当义子，还有我弟弟是教吹竽的，如果你想学的话可以免费学！”南郭先生一听可高兴坏了，一点都不怀疑渔夫了，一个劲的点头说好。
从此以后南郭先生改了一个姓名。和渔夫的弟弟好好学吹竽，成了当地著名的“吹竽先生”。
