3.1 样本与分析方法
本文选取的五篇英文议论文样本如下:The Real Truth About Lies (Randy Fitzgerald,882 字,选自The World Of English,2001.6); Education ( E.B. White,1021字,选自The Hill Reader,135-155); The Art Of SmartGuessing ( Bryan W. Mattimore,1034 字,选自The World English,2001.2); On The Art OfAdvertising ( Samuel Johnson功能语法,995 字,选自 The Hill Reader,453-455); 以及 The Green Frog Skin(John Lame Deer,1166 字,选自The Hill Reader ,332-334).
笔者依据物质,心理,关系,行为,言语和存在六个过程对每篇文章的分句进行了判定,并为进一步的量化分析计算出各分句所占比例。具体分布情况如下表所示:
物质
过程
心理
过程
关系
过程
行为
过程
言语
过程
存在
过程
总计
篇章1
26
13
32
1
25
4
101
篇章2
35
8
29
7
5
8
92
篇章3
26
9
35
2
1
14
87
篇章4
31
13
24
7
7
82
篇章5
42
13
46
10
7
3
121
总计
160
56
166
20
45
36
483
百分比
33%
11.6%
34.4%
4%
9%
7.5%
主句
16
16
40
2
16
7
97
百分比
16.5%
16.5%
41.2%
2%
16.5%
7.2%
附属从句与嵌入式从句
64
22
36
10
9
13
154
百分比
41.56%
14.3%
23.4%
6.5%
6%
8.4%
3.2 分析结果与探讨
从上表可以看出,韩礼德的六个过程模式在英文议论中呈现不均衡分布。从整体来看,物质过程和关系过程所占比例分别为33%和34.4%。这就意味着在英文议论文中,物质和关系过程占据主体地位,二者总体超过总数的三分之二,而其他四个过程仅占不到三分之一。单从主句来看,关系过程以41.2%的比例占据主导地位,同时,我们可以发现一个非常有趣的现象,即物质,心理,言语过程所占比例均为16.5%。在从句的过程分布比例中,物质过程占41.5%,非常接近关系过程在主句中所占的比重。其次是关系过程,所占百分比为23.4。存在过程在整体分句,主句及从句中的分布比例较为稳定。出现比例最小的为行为过程。
结合小句过程模式的分布比例和议论文的特点,笔者的分析如下:
第一,物质过程是摆事实,讲论据的最佳途径。作为质询和决策的方式之一,议论文应当提供充分有力的证据来引领读者挖掘事件的方方面面。论据通常包括常识,例证,事实,数据,引用等等。有效的论据必须能够清楚直接地证明论点cssci期刊目录。一般情况下,人的行为即为已经发生的无可改变的既成事实,而物质过程作为外部经验的表述恰好使其成为了提供论据最为常用的模式。在议论文中,从句通常扮演着为主句提供事实或数据的角色,由此不难解释为何物质过程在从句中占据绝对比例。例如,在复杂句“advertisements are now so numerous that theyare very negligently perused”中,其从句“they are verynegligently perused,”阐述了主句所引发的事实结果。相反地,主观意见和心理活动的论证说明力远不如事实,这也正是心理过程在议论文中所占比重较小的原因。
第二,关系过程在英文议论文中的显著地位源于其对逻辑关系的阐释。逻辑性对议论文至关重要功能语法,议论文的目的就是通过理性说明来赢得读者的认同,而读者对新观点的认同建立在其已认同的事实和原理的基础之上。因此,从本质上来说,议论文是通过良好的逻辑建立和加强共同与合作意识的过程。换言之,所有能够作为论据的事实和原理都必须相互并与结论有逻辑性地联系在一起,任何逻辑错误或推理失误都可能导致读者对整篇文章论点的怀疑。关系过程,表明一项经验与另一项经验之间的关系,恰好能够清楚地阐释读议论文中的逻辑关系。以代表句型“x is a”为例,x与a之间的逻辑关系并非唯一的。a既可作为某项特征表明x的特性,也可作为指代与x进行互换。简而言之,在关系过程中,主句通常是被从句归纳化或概念化的特征或指代。
第三,在英文议论中,看似表达主观观点与意愿的言语过程同样不可或缺。引用权威的语言,观点,评论或表达都常常作为强有力的事实支撑来赞同或反对某一观点,而无论是直接引用还是间接引用,都必须通过言语过程来体现。
第四,其他过程类型在英文议论文中同样占据一席之地并发挥着举足轻重的作用。对议论文而言,描述,叙述,阐释等写作手法的合理利用与相辅相成无疑是锦上添花。正因如此,六个过程在英文议论文中的不同分布比例恰好是议论文客观,有逻辑,严肃及某种程度上带有一定主观色彩的特点等要求的自然结果。
The Plan of travelling
Class 1 Grade 7 Xia Zeyu
The Origin:Suzhou Jiangsu China
The whither:Singapore
Date of travelling:From 20xx/10/1 To 20xx/10/7
Prepering:
1、Get the passport:Please go to the Exit mechanism is the residence of the Public Security Bureau, and get the Passport application form. Put your photo on, then give them 200 yuan.
2、Get the visa:Take your passport and your ID card to the Singapore Embassy in China.
Start:
Walk into the Sultan Palace,This is Singapore Aboriginal history, culture of record. Here was used to be a palace. But now, here is a museum.
About the Emerald Hill Road. It’s just like Chinatown. You can take a walk and go shopping here. Walk into the Lstana. It’s the home to the president of Singapore. People can be here five times a year. Here are amazing plants.
Walk into the Singapore River. Its the only one river in the Singapore. People here called it "The River of Lifes".
About the Botanic Gardens and the Merlion Park it maybe a little funny.
And the most importance:
Marina Bay Sands
It was called "The most expensive hotel in the world". This hotel spends 4,000,000,000 pounds. It has a swimming pool. Visitors can enjoy the beauty of the city for the top of the building. You can even enjoy the city while you are swimming. It is three times the length of the Olympic swimming pool length, is the world's largest outdoor swimming pool.
Sentosa:
It was called “The most beautiful island”. If you go there, and you’ll like it.
At last, there’s a picture here.
Dear Headmaster,
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we've had on whether the school should organize a spring outing for the students.
Opinions on the question are pided as follows:70% of the students think that the school should organize the spring outing. They believe that the spring outing can make them enjoy the nature's beautiful scenery, which can broaden our vision and fill us with more knowledge. They also say that the air in the open fields is fresher. What's more, fresh air does a lot of good to our health.
On the other hand,30% don't like the idea of going out for a spring outing. In their opinions, time is very precious, so they have to grasp every minute to work hard at their lessons. Traveling costs a lot. In that case, it will add to their families' burden. Above all, no one can be sure of the safety of every student.
Yours truly
Li Hua
尊敬的校长,
我写信告诉你关于学校是否应该组织一次春季郊游的讨论。
对问题的看法有如下:70%的学生认为学校应该组织“春季郊游”。他们认为,春季郊游可以使他们享受大自然的美丽的风景,它可以扩大我们的视野,使我们更多的.知识。他们还说,在空旷的田野的空气很清新。更新鲜的空气对我们的健康有很大的健康。
另一方面,30%不喜欢外出郊游的想法。在他们的观点中,时间是非常宝贵的,所以他们要抓紧每一分的努力,在他们的课程中努力学习。旅游成本很多。在这种情况下,它会增加他们家庭的负担。首先,没有人能确保每个学生的安全。
你真正的
李华
Dear Headmaster,
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we've had on whether the school should organize a spring outing for the students.
Opinions on the question are pided as follows:70% of the students think that the school should organize the spring outing. They believe that the spring outing can make them enjoy the nature's beautiful scenery, which can broaden our vision and fill us with more knowledge. They also say that the air in the open fields is fresher. What's more, fresh air does a lot of good to our health.
On the other hand,30% don't like the idea of going out for a spring outing. In their opinions, time is very precious, so they have to grasp every minute to work hard at their lessons. Traveling costs a lot. In that case, it will add to their families' burden. Above all, no one can be sure of the safety of every student.
Yours truly
Li Hua
尊敬的校长,
我写信告诉你关于学校是否应该组织一次春季郊游的讨论。
对问题的看法有如下:70%的学生认为学校应该组织“春季郊游”。他们认为,春季郊游可以使他们享受大自然的美丽的风景,它可以扩大我们的视野,使我们更多的知识。他们还说,在空旷的.田野的空气很清新。更新鲜的空气对我们的健康有很大的健康。
另一方面,30%不喜欢外出郊游的想法。在他们的观点中,时间是非常宝贵的,所以他们要抓紧每一分的努力,在他们的课程中努力学习。旅游成本很多。在这种情况下,它会增加他们家庭的负担。首先,没有人能确保每个学生的安全。
你真正的
李华
In recent years, tourism has been popular and played an important role in our nation’s economic growth. However, I am afraid that if tourism develops over, it will bring harm to the environment and give rise to many problems.
There are a few reasons accounting for my views and I would like to list three of them. One of the examples is that a large number of woods and other plants were replaced by all kinds of accommodation facilities or scenic spots. That definitely breaks the ecological balance of these areas and destroys the natural beauty of the scenic spots. Worse still, more pressure has been placed environment protection in that many tourists left their garbage in the scenic spots. In addition, over-developed tourism will occupy large numbers of farmland and lead to the shortage of the land.
In a word, tourism will be harmful to our environment if it is over development. Thus, I do not advocate that we development tourism without considering the environment. And we should keep the balance between tourism development and environment protection so that we can achieve the sustainable development between our nation’s economy and the environment.
2.1. 物质过程(Material Process)
通俗来说,物质过程即为“做”的'过程,是外部经验的再现,也是某事被完成的过程。物质过程一般由行为动词,动作者(Actor)和目标(Goal)组成。动作者是行为的发出者,如句子 “She cooks for the children on the stove”中的“she”。而目标含指向性,表示某行为或动作的承受者,如“onetuner and handle 1,000 pianos a year”中的“1000 pianos”。值得注意的是,物质过程并非纯指具体的物理动作,它也可是抽象的,如句子 “ he learned fast”.
2.2 心理过程(Mental Process)
心理过程表达的是人所感,所想,所思等心理活动的过程,一般有两个参与者,一个是心理活动的感觉主体即“感觉者”(senser),另一个是被感知的客体即“现象”(phenomenon)。与物质过程不同的是,心理过程的参与者之一是可感觉,反应和认知的人,如“Tom dislikes her ‘special’ pumpkin pie intensely”中的“Tom”。通过修辞手法被赋予意识和感知功能的物也可作为 “感觉者”,如“it”在句子“it (money) pleasured grandpa to put a few golden Indian heads onhis vest”中的作用。
2.3 关系过程(Relational Process)
关系过程表达的是“是”的关系,即具有某种联系的物,人,情形或事件之间的关系,或指某一物的属性,特点或所处状态等,大致可分为两种模式:修饰型(attributive)和认同型(identifying)。修饰型包含两个参与者,载体(carrier)即含有某种属性的实体,属性(attribute),即对载体的限定功能语法,在例句“one of the wise Men was educational in the highestsense...”中,“one of the wise Men”是载体,“educational”是属性。认同型则包含被认同者(identified)和认同者(identifier),如“The shcoolhouse is a two-room frame buiding”,“the schoolhouse”是被认同者,“a two-room frame building”是认同者。
2.4 行为过程(Behavioral Process)
行为过程指的是各种生理或心理行为,如呼吸,咳嗽,微笑,哭泣,做梦等。行为过程只有一个参与者,通常为人的行为者(behaver),例如“in thecountry he sleeps better at night”,“the pupilssit still at their desks in class”。某些情况下,行为过程与物质和心理过程的界限并不明显,因为行为者作为意识体与感觉者非常相似,而行为者发出的动作类似于物质过程中的“做”。
2.5 言语过程(Verbal Process)
言语过程是通过语言交换信息的过程,广义上来说就是“说”的过程,通常用到的动词有say,tell,talk,praise,describe等,如“he may proclaim his ownvirtue or skill”。言语过程的主要参与者有说话者(sayer),听话者(receiver),以及言语内容(verbiage)。 说话者可以是任何能表达某种信息的物体,并不一定要求具有意识性,如 “the book tells of one soldier who survived”。
2.6 存在过程(Existential Process)
存在过程表达的是某物或人存在的情况,通常只有一个参与者,即存在物(existent)。典型的存在过程如“thereis no supervised play”,或含表存在的动词,exist,remain,come about,happen等等。
8月1日,我们一行人乘坐春秋航班,来到了梦寐以求的海滨城市──青岛。那是一座依山傍水的美丽山城,那里有一望无际的海水浴场,有风景秀丽的崂山,还有精巧别致的红瓦绿树,真不愧为避暑度假的好地方。
我们先来到闻名的“海上名山”的崂山。我们的车行驶在崂山的盘山公路上,窗外群峰耸立,山海相接;山脚下海浪阵阵,波涛滚滚。我感到像到了人间仙境一样,令人心旷神怡。
登山了,我们沿着山路往上爬。不久,一排瀑布骤然出现在眼前,那瀑布就像巨龙飞腾,气势磅礴。这就是著名的“龙潭瀑布”,果真名不虚传,那宏伟的`气势就像“飞流直下三千尺”般壮丽。
第二天,我们来到了海滨浴场冲浪。青岛的海边美丽极了:天是一片蓝玉,海是一块翡翠,远望水天相连,蔚为壮观。我们踩在细软的沙滩上,奔向那向往已久的大海。
大海卷起一层层美丽的浪花,呼啸着向沙滩打来,一眨眼它又逃了回去,就像一群顽皮的孩子打闹着。这时,一个一米多高的大浪拥上来,我赶紧把身体背过去,一浪过去了,我就向前走几步。不一会儿,又一排大浪冲来,我赶紧往回跑……我们在海浪声中相互扑打嬉戏,绿海碧波留下了我们欢乐的笑声,那感觉正是爽极了。
青岛之旅给我留下了深刻的印象,要开学了,我多希望能有一个像去旅游那样快乐的新的开始啊!
In August 1st, we took a spring and autumn flight to the coveted coastal city of Qingdao. It is a beautiful mountain, where there are endless beach, a beautiful scenery of Laoshan, there are exquisite red trees, really is a good place for summer vacation.
We first come to the famous "famous mountain" in Laoshan. We were driving in the Laoshan mountain road, mountain peaks standing outside the window, the sky; at the foot of the mountain waves blowing and billowing waves. I felt like I was in the fairyland of the world, and I was delightful.
Mountaineering, we climbed up the mountain road. Soon, a row falls suddenly appeared in front of the waterfall like dragon soar, of great momentum. This is the famous "Longtan waterfall", the magnificent momentum really wonders, like "waterfalls three thousand feet" magnificent.
On the second day, we came to the beach and surf. The sea of Qingdao very beautiful: the sky is a turquoise sea, is a piece of jade, Yuanwang spectacular water. We stepped in the soft beach, toward the long sea.
The sea rolled up a layer of beautiful waves and whistled to the beach. In the blink of an eye it fled back like a naughty child. At this time, a one meter high waves hold up, I quickly put the body back in the past, a wave of the past, I will walk a few steps forward. In a few moments, another row of waves rushed, and I ran back... We in the sound of the waves in the sea waves play each other furiously, leaving our laughter, the feeling is very good.
The trip to Qingdao left a deep impression on me. To start school, I wish I could have a new start like going to travel.
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