1。thereof
以”there”为前缀加上介词构成的词,如thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具体指什么,需要读者依照合同的上下文来判断,因而理解起来比较复杂,请看下例:
This Agreement is written in the English language。 In case of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof, the English text shall govern。 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”从上下文判断意为 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一词代替of the English version。与以here开头的词如hereof的理解方法类似。
2。therein
该词意为in that, in that particular
context, in that respect,“在那里”,“在那点上”,“在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意为the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。
3。thereto
该词意为:to that,“随附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto。 句中or developments with respect thereto 意为:or developments with respect to the developments。
4。thereunder
该词意为:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable。 句中any amount payable thereunder意为any amount payable under the contract。
I read the book of Robinson Crusoe, their captors.
Article describes multiple sailing in the whole island, Crusoe masters of extraordinary survival 28 years experience, strive for survival, show the ingenuity and a man with indomitable perseverance in the face of hardship persistent existence desire, the lonely and eager to rescue the mood. In a lonely island overcome Robinson was done with fear, a savage and said he was "on Friday, they get along with each other, then built on Friday, Crusoe one kind of warm friendship." I also enjoy the disclosure of the business concept: Crusoe each sailing and adventure has clear commercial purpose, with his own property and calculating profit, he will also oneself life the island is his territory, in addition to reveal its economic thought, I admire John Robinson's rich, more learning his strong initiative and spirit of adventure, early efforts, hard work, and perfect kindness thought!
In 2080, cars are going to be different. The car of new type is made from China. The motor is quicker than other cars. The car can be droved 500 kilometers per hour.
Computers are going to be inside every car. It is going to control the car. You don’t need to be worried about the red light.
The car is going to go on special tracks above the city. It would be not so crowded and noisy.
There is a special air conditioner in the car. In winter you can be warm there. In summer you can be pleasantly cool.
If you have this car, you will be very fashionable.
来到嵩山后,我们先参观了观星台,看到许多古代用来计时的工具,我不禁赞口不绝。心想:“原来在很久以前就有计时工具了,我们的祖先可真了不起呀!”临近中午,我们来到了农家,坐在“,落到身上,桌上。我不禁流露出一丝笑意,心想:“今天真是享用桃花林”下享用午餐。突然,一阵微风掠过,桃花如细雨般纷纷飘落了一顿“桃花餐”呢!
吃完午餐,我们又踏上了“征程”。爬山的时候,路有些泥泞,可能是刚下过雨的缘故吧!但空气倒是很清新。路两边响起了悦耳的鸟鸣,金灿灿的油菜花在太阳光的照耀下发出了耀眼的光芒,一些女孩子在追逐着金黄的蝴蝶,可蝴蝶飞入了菜花丛中怎么就找不到了呢?还有些男孩子手持木棍走在大部队的'最前面,大声喊到“棍在手,跟我走;上嵩山,投宋江。”
伴随着一路的欢声笑语,我们来到了最后的景点,参观了“大将军”和“二将军”。“它们好大呀!”有许多同学惊呼道。“是呀,它们都是活了几千年的松树!”导游说到。我仔细观察它们,有二十几米高,郁郁葱葱的叶子,苍劲有力的枝干,真是大自然的杰作呀!只是大将军身子向后仰,背靠着一面墙,二将军身材挺拔健壮。在它们背后还有一则有趣的传说呢?在以前还有一个三将军,它比二将军的年龄大,资历深,居然被封为“三将军”,所以很不服气,拒绝吸收水份和养料,最终倒下了,这一场景被“大将军”看到了,觉得老三太儍了,不禁哈哈大笑,最终笑弯了腰。只有二将军不卑不亢,不计较名利,顺其自然地成长。
夕阳西下,我恋恋不舍地望着嵩山,挥了挥手跟它做最后的告别。我在收获快乐的同时,又为大自然神奇的魔力而惊叹不已,忍不住对着嵩山喊了一句:“再见,我还会再来的!”
So people call it Mountain City。 In Chong Qing,I went to the Red Stone Center, to see the places which the prisoners lived in the past。 It is a terrible and awful trip。 There are a lot of dogs, and soldiers with guns near the prisons。 And most of the prisons are good, they didn't want to tell the bad people where the other people were。 They lived in very small houses。 No good food to eat, no good water to drink。They had only twenty minutes to stay out side per day but they still said nothing。
I think they are the heros in that century。 I will follow their spirit。
1。hereby
该词意为by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“兹”,“在此”。此词常用作法律、经贸文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语,在合同条款中需特别强调时也可用,表示当事人借此合约,要宣示某种具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保证、同意、放弃权利等,一般放于主语后,紧邻主语。如:The Company hereby covenants and warrants that…… 意为:By this agreement the Company covenants and warrants that……即:公司在此保证……再如:Both parties hereby agree that……意为:By this agreement both parties agree that……即:双方当事人在此同意……
2。hereof
该词意为:of this agreement,“关于此点”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:to take effect on the date hereof 意为:to take effect on the date of this agreement 即:于本合约之日期生效。再如:the headings of the sections hereof 意为:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合约各条款之标题。
3。hereto
该词意为:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”,一般置于要修饰的`名词的后面,与之紧邻。如:both parties hereto 意为both parties to this agreement,即本合约之当事人双方;items specified in Attachment I and hereto 意为:items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 即:本合约之附件I所列之各项。
4。herein
该词意为:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等,一般置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词。如:to file a suit in the court agreed to herein 意为:to file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement 即:向当事人于本合约中同意管辖的法院提起诉讼;再如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意为:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement,即:遵守本合约所规定的条件。
5。hereinafter
该词意为:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等词组连用,以避免重复。
6。hereunder
该词意为:under this agreement,“在本合约内”、“依据本合约”。如:obligations hereunder,意为obligations under this agreement,即“本合约内的义务”。再如:rights granted hereunder,意为rights granted under this agreement,即“依本合约所赋予的权利”。
i read the book written by luxun .it is called zhaohuaxishi. it includes 10 short articles about the writers stories .they are based on his own experience , when i read this book ,i feel very happy to see luxuns childhood. it was diffrent from ours,so we may find it intersting and exciting. luxuns langange is very great but maybe difficult to understand . but through his words ,we can find his happiness in his heart .
1。Whereas
该词意为:considering that, “鉴于”,“就(而论”,常用于合同协议书的开头段落以引出合同双方订立合同的理由或依据。如:Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products……鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同产品。
2。Whereby
该词意为:by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions,“凭此协议”,“凭此条款”,常用于合同协议书中以引出合同当事人应承担的主要合同义务。如:
A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object。 句中a contract whereby the seller transfers……意为:a contract by which the seller transfers……
以上是对外经贸合同英语中几个典型旧体词用词方面的重要的特点,笔者希望初涉外经贸合同的教师和学生予以留意,有针对性地学习,达到事半功倍的效果;也希望进行外贸合同写作时也能把握住这几个特点,写出好的外经贸合同,顺利地进行外贸业务往来。
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