关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下,从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写,把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程,在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联,对真实交际意图做作出推理,从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解,达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献:
[1]Gutt,Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance:Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford:Blackwell,1991。
[2]Sperber,D。& Wilson,D。Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford: Blackwell,1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究,1999,(3)。
[4]蒋坚松,黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2007。
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
我的家乡是一个很美丽的地方,那里到处都是山山水水的,捉鱼、玩耍各种各样的游戏,给我的童年带来了无穷的乐趣,让我最难忘的是我第一次去爬家乡的山。
那天,秋高气爽,艳阳高照,小伙伴们来叫我出去爬山,我可是第一次爬山,所以很好奇又很胆怯。我在电视上看到爬山兵都带着背包,里面肯定是吃的,喝的,用的,所以我出装了一大袋儿。阿聪说:“用不着带水,也用不着带吃的,咱们每人拿两个塑料袋,空着手去爬山就行了。”阿聪是我表哥,他经常到山里去锄地。我就奇怪地问:“为什么要什么都不带呢?口渴了怎么办呢?”“没事的,我们虽然空手而去,却会满载而归呢!”阿聪边说边冲我神密地一笑,还冲我挤挤眼。
于是,我们便出发了,一路上欢歌笑语,好不快活。我们走到山脚下,阿聪说:“这座山在我们这里不算是高的。”“哇噻,这还不算高的!”我望着山睁大了眼睛,阿聪又说:“还有比这高得多得多的山呢!不要大惊小怪的。我们来比赛,谁先到山顶,谁就有奖励。”我越发奇怪地自言自语:“什么都没带,还有奖励?”“比赛开始!”阿聪喊到。我们各个像小老虎一样地爬起来,不一会儿我便成了第三位,我不服气,小牛在我前面,我超了一下近道,爬陡峭地那边,把小牛超过了,我们大家都到了半山腰,已经气喘吁吁啦,速度越来越慢,眼看到山顶了,可也筋疲力尽了,大家你望望我,我望望你,脸上淌着汗,嘴里哈着气都爬不动了。阿聪还在爬,他说:“快看到礼物了。”一听到有礼物,我又来了劲儿跟了上去,“啊,无限风光在顶峰,加油啊!”阿聪一边叫一边张开双臂,看他那神气样儿,我一鼓作气爬了上去。“爽,真爽!”我也张开双臂喊起来,一望无际的桔子树,已是果实压满枝,太棒啦!原来阿聪说的就是这个奖励啊!我们从这棵树爬到那棵树,边摘边吃橘子。阿聪说:“我们这里是盛产橘子的地方,今天自已摘那才过隐呢!”我们高兴地吃着。不大功夫便吃饱了,袋子也满了,果然是满载而归。
俗话说下山容易上山难,夕阳西下,我们很快回到山脚,心中那个畅快简直无法形容。
虽然是第一次爬山,我却其乐无穷,终身难忘。
Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson的关联理论是在H。P。Grice的交际理论与会话含意理论的基础上发展起来的,他们合着的《关联性:交际与认知》一书中对其有很精辟的阐述。关联理论作为认知语言学一个理论给西方语用学界带来了极大影响。它将关注的核心投到人类交际与话语理解方面,其影响力已超出了语用学领域,延伸到翻译领域。因为自然语言中的每个话语都可以有多种理解,要正确的理解自然语言,就必须通过语境来寻找信息的关联,然后根据话语和语境的关联进行推理。而翻译中为达到语用等效,其前提正是正确地理解自然语言。因此,关联理论就成为可以指导翻译的语用翻译理论。
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为,翻译是一种言语交际行为,是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程,它不仅涉及语码,更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理,而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则,翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者(听者)的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究,对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为:“翻译就是交际。”他指出,信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用,而译文如果起不到交际作用,不能为读者所理解,就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者,因此,要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图,这就需要译者首先要理解原文,并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联,获得最佳的语境效果,最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果,并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程,而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此,译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力,还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力,帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联,达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息,这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合,产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中,译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解,从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而,译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构,将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者,只会使译文读者不知所云,导致交际失败。例如,如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达,并未传达原文的真实意义,对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道:壁橱里藏骷髅,丑事家家有。”这样,译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联,译文也更易被中国读者所接受,译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁,其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功,译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联,达到最佳的交际效果。因此,译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解,做出准确的判断,对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人,成事在天”的翻译,霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes,God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩,使译作带上了基督教色彩,从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换,意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中,既要重视语言本身,也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设,不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境,还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息,这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境,而是一系列语境。在话语理解中,人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行,主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的,而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下,交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反,这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设,通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如:“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中,“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起,但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起,汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境,按照中国人的认知思维,把fox翻译成“狐狸精”,那无疑是错误的,因为在英语中,它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此,译者应该对原语进行文化推理,获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文,达到交际的目的。
成功与失败的差别就在于一个人的勇气。西班牙的作家塞万提斯曾经说过:“丧失财富的人损失很大,可是丧失勇气的人,便什么都完了。”如果我们丧失了勇气的话,便一事无成。经过了一件事之后,我真正感受到了成功的快乐。
在我9岁的时候,妈妈说带我去医巫闾山爬山。当时我兴致勃勃的答应了。因为我不知道山到底有多高。从来还没有爬过山,真的想体验一次。
那一天我们很早就起床了,坐上了汽车,几个小时后。终于来到了山下。呵,好高啊。高耸入云。我仰望山顶,可怎么也望不到头。我有些畏惧了。可妈妈却说:“你要想看到美景,就只能登上山顶,无限风光在险峰”。我和妈妈饶有兴趣的向山脚下走去,映入眼帘的是闾山的山门,修建的非常的壮观,过了山门,随着游人开始上山。石阶两旁生长着茂密翠绿的松柏,吸一口新鲜的空气只觉得有阵阵松香沁人心脾,我的心里别提有多高兴了。慢慢的我们已经来到了半山腰,回头看来时的路,已经很渺茫了,那山脚的小汽车早已经没了身影,只有那些随风摇曳的青松翠柏,遥望远处还是一眼望不到头的山,这时我已经有点累了,腿也酸了。有点发软,便想坐下来休息一会儿,我真的走不动了,只觉得没有力气。我对妈妈说:“妈妈,我们别往上爬了,我们回吧”“怎么能爬一半就回去呢,你不是很想爬山吗?你不是很喜欢塞万提斯说的名言吗?有了困难就退缩,你永远不会体验到成功的快乐的······”妈妈的话让我觉得很惭愧。心里暗暗想:“对呀!我怎么能半途而废呢?在坚持一下我就会登上峰顶······”于是我鼓起勇气和妈妈继续往上攀登。经过了几个小时我们终于登上了山顶。
我和妈妈站在山顶上,放眼望去,只见云雾缭绕,白云在我脚下漂浮,我陶醉了,一座座山峰突兀森郁,气势磅礴,苍松翠柏,郁郁葱葱,好一处人间仙境!正像妈妈所说的,无限风光在险峰啊!
听耳旁松涛阵阵,好像在为我高兴,看着远处那些小山,我想起那句古诗“会当凌绝顶,一览众山小”。此时我真正体验到了这句诗的意义。
这一次登山,让我体验了成功的快乐。也让我明白了世上无难事,只要肯登攀的道理。
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