1.要抓住景物特征,写出景物特色。大千世界的自然景物丰富多彩,千姿百态,即使是同一景物的描写,由于时间不同、作者不同、思想感情不同,写出的文章就各不相同。如同样描写水的“绿”,白居易用“春来江水绿如蓝”表现;欧阳修用“春风绿于染”表现,茅盾用“青玉”来形容,冰心则把湖水比作“一缸浓浓的绿酒”;塞万提斯形容“一乱清溪,像流动的水晶”,而朱自清则说清得“宛然一块温润的碧玉”,软、嫩得犹如“鸡蛋清”,“绿”成了可视可触的形象。他们的这些描写.之所以脍炙人口.给人留下深刻、美好的印象,是因为把握住了景物的特征,写出了自己的特色。
特色从何而来?首先要仔细观察。要抓住景物的形状、色彩、声音、姿态等仔细观察,从一般人司空见惯的事物中看出特征来。例如刘白羽的《长江三峡》中.作者用自己善于发现的眼睛,抓住了三个峡各自的特征:瞿塘峡是一道闸门,激流澎湃;巫峡像江上一条迁回曲折的画廊,神奇而秀美;西陵峡处处是急流.处处是险滩。正是由于作者有敏锐的眼力,因此,《长江三峡》令人读来过目不忘,极富感染力。其次,要善于比较。我们常说“没有比较就没有鉴别”,因为“特征”是一事物区别于泄事物的本质。因此,许多作家为了突出景物特征,都采用比较法,如朱自清的《绿》,为了突出梅雨潭的“绿”的可爱,说“我曾见过北京什刹海拂地的绿杨,脱不了鹅黄的底子,似乎太淡了。我又曾见过杭州虎跑寺近旁高峻而深密的“绿壁”,丛叠着无穷的碧草与绿叶的,那又似乎太浓了。其余呢,西湖的波太明了,秦淮河的也太暗了.”这一比,把梅雨潭无法用语言比拟的“绿”的特点突出出来了。
2.善于描幕景物的`声、色.把景物写“活”,通过声音、色彩的描写不失为一种好方法.如李健吾的《雨中登泰山》,在写过虎山水库时,着愈描绘了“七股大水”发出的如万马奔腾的轰鸣声,令读者掩卷之后犹在耳际回荡.那道随作者脚步缓缓流淌着的溪水,如善解人意的女孩儿,静静她流着,读来令人分明听到了那“潺潺”的妙音.由于声音是景物能直接打动读者的外在表现形式之一,从声音去写景状物,不仅可以调动我们用“耳朵”去“听”景物的美,而且可以调动我们的想像,给我们以无穷的遐想的空间。
景物的色彩,直接影响人的视觉,最易调动人的感受,因而许多散文大家在幕景状物时.常用此法。如于敏在《西湖即景》中该样写芍药获:呀上鹃.早已零落.芍药正在竞芳。湖石根下.曲径两旁,一丛丛,一球球.丹红的,绛紫的,米黄的,雪白的,都在笑靥迎人。你捧一朵花在手里,你会觉得她战战兢兢.似乎不胜娇羞,花气袭人.特别在艳阳天气如此。浓香沁入肺腑,你好像要醉倒在花下。”作者着力写了花的色彩,读后令人如置芍药园中。
更多的时候,作者描攀景物时既写声,又写色,写来可谓“有声有色”。如丁玲的《太阳照在桑乾河上》中有这样一段描写:“当大地刚从薄明的晨曦中苏醒过来的时候.在肃穆的、清凉的果树园子里,便飘荡着清朗的笑声。鸟的欢噪已经退让到另外一些角落去.一些爱在晨风中飞来飞去的小甲虫便更不安地四方乱闯。浓密的树叶在伸展开去的枝条上微微蠕动,却隐藏不住那累累的硕果。看得见在那树丛里还有偶尔闪光的露珠,就像在雾夜中报眼的星星一样.而那些红色果皮上的一层茸毛,或者是一层薄霜,便更显得柔软而润湿。云霞升起来了,从那重重的绿叶的姆隙中透过点点的金色的彩霞,林子中回映出一缕一缕的透明的淡紫色的、浅黄色的薄光……”文中不仅写了甲虫、树叶、硕果,还写了露珠、霞光,尤其是写出了红色果皮上的那层茸毛或是白霜,观察之细,令人拍案称奇。作者还特别描写了声飞色:果园里沉寂、肃穆.只能听到鸟雀的欢噪,随人们的到来.清朗的笑声又成了主旋律,鸟鸣、人笑共同奏出了美妙的果园晨曲.透过浓密的绿叶.结满了一个个熟透了红色苹果,再点缀上淡紫、黄而且透明的霞光,真是美丽极了.令人心驰神往。
1。 It is considered /thought that人们(有人,大家)认为
2。 It is generally /usually accepted /agreed/recognized that普遍(一般,通常)认为
3。 It is believed that有人(人们,大家)相信
4。 It is well—known that大家知道(众所周知)
5。 It is said that据说(有人说)
6。 It is learned that据闻(悉)
7。 It is supposed that据推测
8。 It is estimated/predicted/calculated that据估计(预计)
9。 It must be pointed that必须指出
10。 It is reported that据报道
11。 It must be admitted that必须承认
12。 It will be seen that可见(可以看出)
13。 It will be seen from this that由此可见
14。 It is understood that不用说(都知道)
15。 It can not be denied that无可否认
16。 It has been proved/demonstrated that已经证明
17。 It may be confirmed that可以肯定
18。 It may be safely said that可以有把握地说
19。 It is sometimes asked that人们有时会问
20。 It is expected that/hoped that人们希望
21。 When it comes to要说到,要谈及
1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ……
2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ……
5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……
6) Never in our history has the idea that …… been so popular.
7) Faced with ……, quite a few people argue that ……
8) According to a recent survey, ……
9) With the rapid development of ……,
10 When it comes to…, (当说到…
二、列举观点
I.Some people think/believe that…,
Other argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true
1.Obviously television has both advantages and disadvantages.
2.Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages.
3.Compared with cars,bikes have their advantages and disadvantages. ,
4.Although computers bring people a lot of convenience,they have many disadvantages.
5....has many advantages.For example,…
6. However,just as every coin has two sides,…has it’s disadvantages.
II…play(san important role/part in……
1.Computers play an important role in science and technology.
2.Computers play a more and more important role in our life.
3.Computers play an increasingly important role in our studies.
4.Education plays an important part in developing our mind.
5.Addiction to alcohol and drugs plays a role in homelessness.
6.Advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.
7.In the past,letters played a decisive role in long-distance communication.But now,telephone,email,and fax have taken their place.
III.With the development of…
1.With the development of our economy,many Chinese families can afford a car.
2.With the development of our economy and society,pollution is more and more serious.
3.With the rapid development of Science and technology,people can get a college degree by taking online-courses at home.
4.With the current social and technological developments,employees with more knowledge and higher academic degrees are needed.
5.With the rapid increase of China's population,housing problem is becoming more and more serious.
6.With more and more women entering the society,people's attitude towards women is changing.
7.With the deepening of Chinese reform and opening up, an increasing number of (a growing number of,a significant number of
families can afford a car.
三、陈述自己观点
There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements,but…
四、批驳
1)It is true that ……, but one vital point is being left out.
2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
3) Some people say ……, but it does not hold water.
4) Many of us have been under the illusion that……
5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.
6) It makes no sense to argue for ……
7) Too much stress placed on …… may lead to ……
8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ……
9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ……
10) No one can deny the fact that ……
11) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
12) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ……
13) Recent studies indicate that ……
14) There is sufficient evidence to show that ……
15) According to statistics proved by ……, it can be seen that ……
五、结尾句型 :
英语议论文多以简要总结全文或对所讨沦的问题提出解决办法来结尾。总结全文时除常用到in one/a word,generally speaking,to conclude等外,没有固定模式。提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型:
1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ……
2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ……
3). We should take measures to control the rapidly increasing world population.
4). We’d better take effective measures to prevent students from cheating on exams.
5). The government decided to take strong measures against drug abuse.
6). Urgent measures should be taken to prevent terrorists from carrying out further attacks.
7) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ……
8) In conclusion, it is imperative that ……
9) There is no easy method, but ……might be of some help.
10) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ……
11) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
12) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
13) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ……
14) Taking all these into account, we ……
15) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear……
六、其他句型
I、There be结构
There+be+主语+(修饰成分,表示客观存在的'人或事物。 There must be a lot of fuel in the tank.
There remains nothing more to be done.
There is no point in talking about it again.
There is something you don't know.
There is not enough time to do the work. .
II、名词化结构
名词化结构用以表明抽象思维的逻辑性和概念化,从而使语体更加正式、更加具有书面语风格。
1.由of连接主谓关系
That the earth revolves around the sun causes the changes of the seasons.
名词化:The revolution of the earth around the sun causes the changes of the seasons.
2.由0f连接动宾关系
One of the most important natural phenomena is that energy is transmitted from one point to another in waves.
名词化:One of the most important natural phenomena is the transmission of energy from one point to another in waves.
3.用of连接含有by的短语,把简单句转换成名词短语
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