人人皆知,高尔基先生的自传三部曲是响誉世界的,其中的《童年》一篇,更是堪称佳作,昨天刚刚看完,感想颇深。全文高度概括了高尔基先生的童年生活,在沙皇的统治时期,一个可怜的孩子阿缪沙很小就失去了父亲,接着失去了母亲,唯一的亲人——外祖父也家道中落,他却仍然怀抱着一颗求知的心坎坷而悲惨的生活,让人感动!
看到了最后一句,我放下了书本,心情是那样复杂,为什么一个可怜的孩子,他的童年那么悲哀?为什么他的童年没有一丝欢笑,只是充满了仇恨的悲愤?苏联当时的社会真的那么黑暗吗?然而,我知道,这一切都是资本主义社会下黑暗政治斗争的恶果!那是一个弱肉强食的社会,一个暗无天日的社会,一个国家最底层劳动人民永远无法翻身的社会!这是高尔基先生的批判,这是文章以小见大的妙笔!一个黑暗到可以使人变坏的社会,不得不让我们胆寒,更觉得社会主义制度的光明,是她让我们能过得如此幸福,她是公正与和平的象征,她是东升的太阳,照亮了华夏大地,暖和了人们冰封已久的心,才体会到幸福生活的来之不易,是否应该好好学习,好好珍惜?
《童年》中有一节是让我喜欢的,那是关于一位化学家“好事情”的事,幼小的主人公在没有被老文化完全吸收的时候,与一位奇怪的人交上朋友,很明了,这一定会使阿缪沙的外祖父又狠狠揍他一顿,这仅仅因为在当时的社会,不为沙皇服务,就是无所事事,是邪恶的,相信,这会让许多人捧腹大笑,但更多的是思考,当时的社会真理是那么难以接受吗?也许这样的事情太多,为此,有很多科学家都献出了生命,但是明智的高尔基先生为他的这段短暂的友谊表现出了高兴与惋惜。这也让我知道了,黑暗的存在就是建立在人们的天真与无知上,而人们是否应该主动的去学习,应该知道,拥有知识的人就是聪明的人,也只有这样的人可以维护正义与真理!
《童年》是一本不错的书,是一本袒露真实的小说,我有想过写一本自己的《童年》,即使不能,我也永远珍藏这本书,因为它绝妙的写作手法,朴实的语言,深刻的寓意都是值得珍惜的!
时光如流水,而且不但时间流逝的如流水般飞快,人们的科技也发展的十分迅速。这不,这已经是30世纪了,而我也是这个世纪的人,就让我来给大家讲诉一下我的充满科技的一天吧!
在30世纪人们可以自主选择房子的所在地,可以在天空,可以在海洋,可以在火山等等……都不会对人们产生任何威胁了。而我的家便就是在海洋之中。
“叮叮……小主人起床了。”我睁开我朦胧的睡眼,一看原来是我的小芯片叫我起床了。我而这时候它们便也动了起来自动为我洗漱。“哈哈,真舒服呀,该选衣服了。”我话音刚落衣柜便出现在我的眼前,看着面前的衣服,我心想:“现在的衣服真好呀,不但十分轻,还可以防弹和自主防火防水哩!”当我心满意足的穿好衣服时,我的面前便出现了一个菜单。我轻点着菜名,而每当我点后,便会出现一道色香味俱全的美食。“嗝,好饱呀。”我自言自语道,当我话音刚落我的小芯片便又“开口”了,“学习时间到,学习时间到。”于是,我将芯片从手心拿下来,放在了脑门上,只见一道道蓝光进入了我的脑海之中,是的,这就是书本上的知识。因为在我的这个世纪学习知识已经不必拘束在学校之中了,而是随时随地的便可以学习了。当我学习完毕了的时候已经是下午了。我想:“在家怪无聊的,不如找朋友一起出去玩吧!”我对芯片说通讯录,我找到小明的电话后又按下视屏通话,我对小明说:“小明有时间吗?一起出来玩吧!”小明的声音也从芯片的那边传来:“好呀,那就海底见哦!”说完这句话,下一秒钟我便到了海底。到了海底我便和小明一起玩了起来。在不知不觉中已经是晚上了,我只好和小明告别。回到了我的大床上,去做我的美梦了。
这就是我未来一天的生活,希望有一天我的想象能够变成现实。
How time flies!I‘m fifteen years the long time,there was one thing that I will never forget.
The Spring Festival is our traditional the Spring Festival,people usually visit their friends and I was 9 years old,my family took the bus to my grandparents‘to say Happy New Year to them.
In the bus,I had a good 7:30,the bus came to a woman got on with a baby in her that time,there was no she must look after her baby had to stand next to wanted to stand up and let her sit down,but I was afraid of hearing the other people sayThat girl want to be praised.I looked people were looking out of the windows and some were ,a little boy behind me,stood up and made room for the said Thank you very much with a big boy smiled, I told my cousin about it after that,he said The child is the father of a man. I very could’t I do the same thing as the little boy did?
From that I learn that we should do our best to help people who need everyone makes a contribution to helping others,the world will become much more beautiful!
《茶花女》的小说1848年在巴黎出版,《茶花女》的话剧1852年在巴黎演出,《茶花女》的歌剧1853年在威尼斯公演,1909年以来已经二十多次被搬上银幕,早在十九世纪九十年代就已经被翻译成中文,上个世纪初,甚至在中国的话剧舞台上也公演过,二十四岁的外省青年阿尔芒在巴黎读完大学取得了律师资格之后,并没有立刻去找一份工作,而是“把文凭放在口袋里,也让自己过几天巴黎那种懒散的生活。”他凭着祖传的每年八千法郎的收入,在巴黎租了房子,雇了佣人,养了一个“小家碧玉,温柔而多情”的情妇,同时与朋友一起整天出入各种风月场所寻欢作乐。正是在这种情形下,他邂逅了巴黎名妓外号“茶花女”的玛格丽特小姐,并立刻展开了对她的追求。
正如书中所说的那样,在风月场中追求女人通常有两种方式,一种是用钱,一种是用情。阿尔芒在当时虽然也算有几个钱的“小资”,但正如书中另一位老揄揶他的那样“您那七八千法郎的津贴费是不够这个女孩挥霍的,连维修她的马车也不够。”玛格丽特为了维持巴黎名妓的排场,每年需要花费十多万法郎。所以阿尔芒只能用“情”来追求玛格丽特。果然在他付出了两三年的时间后得尝所愿,不但让玛格丽特成了他的情妇,还让她相信她得到的是真正的爱情。
以出卖肉体和感情为职业,但她们也有自己不愿意出卖的爱情,或许正是因为她们看够了人间的虚情假意,反而更加看重、也更加渴望真正的爱情。所以当玛格丽特把阿尔芒对她的爱慕当成了真正的爱情之后,就毫不犹豫地不顾一切地献出了她的一切。
面对玛格丽特的一片真情,阿尔芒却始终不肯相信也会有真正的爱情,所以从占有玛格丽特的第二天起,就让猜疑占据了他的心头,第三天就认定玛格丽特欺骗了他而发出了一封羞辱和谴责她的绝交信。然而,当他听到朋友祝贺他得到了“可以替他争面子的不容易到手的漂亮情妇”玛格丽特之后,在虚荣心的作用下,立刻后悔起来,并给玛格丽特发出了请求宽恕的信。
所以我们有理由相信,在阿尔芒心目中,占有巴黎名妓的虚荣心的分量要比对玛格丽特的爱情的分量重得多。也就是说他真正想要的是一份拥有名妓的虚荣而不是一个普通女人的爱情。正如书中玛格丽特当面怒斥阿尔芒时所说的那样:
“你,你不愿意让我知道你的景况,你要我保留我的虚荣心来满足你的虚荣心,你想保持我过去的奢侈生活,你想保持我们思想上的差距,你,总之,不相信我对你的无私的爱情,不相信我愿意和你同甘共苦,有了你这笔财产我们本来可以一起生活得很幸福,但你宁愿把自己弄得倾家荡产,你这种成见真是太根深蒂固了。你以为我会把虚荣当着幸福吗?一个人心中没有爱情的时候可以满足于虚荣,但是一旦有了爱情,虚荣就变得庸俗不堪了。”
自古红颜多薄命,美丽的容颜带来的却是无限的哀愁与悲剧。而,特别是美丽而又有才情的,在这条路上走得更是艰苦。
比如杜十娘,情仇爱恨化作一江春水向东流;李思思、陈圆圆的命运也是令人感慨、令人无奈。而看过《茶花女》后才明白这样的悲剧不只发生在中国。
玛格丽特的爱情悲剧故事就是这样的。一介弱质女流在放荡且无目的的生命中找寻到了真爱,为此放弃了自己习以为常的大量物质享受,放弃了一切能使自己暂时快乐的糜烂生活习惯,只为求能和最爱的人呆在一起。要从深陷的泥潭中爬出来,是要花很大的力气和决心的,况且还要使自己最小程度地被泥水污染。玛格丽特做到了,而且做的非常出色。可如此巨大的付出,换回的仍是人们的不理解和排挤,还有自私的人们的恶意中伤。
巨大的阻力最终还是使玛格丽特和爱人分开了,误会使最爱的人再自己最需要安慰的时候羞辱她,这是何等痛苦的事情?也许真的只有亡可以拯救她。是的,玛格丽特了,孤独的去,再也没了活着时的奢华,以前无数的情人也忘了她。生前的生活愈是轰动,的时候就愈是冷清。
亦或许,玛格丽特并不是个完全的悲剧人物,至少,她得到了真爱,她的灵魂得到了净化。贵妇人们只看到了她生活的奢侈和物质的享受,却不知道她高尚的情操也是自己所望尘莫及的。奇怪的资本主义上流社会的人们,明明鄙视放荡的,却又要逼良为娼。如果玛格丽特没有生在这样一个肮脏、虚伪、残忍的资本主义时代,或许她就是圣母玛利亚。可惜那样的社会,那样的时代,连圣母也会被玷污。而在玛格丽特被玷污的躯壳下,顽强而又圣洁的灵魂正是读者们暗暗哭泣的原因。
也许这就是的无奈吧。难得遇到一个动心之人,为他无怨的付出,为他无私的奉献,为他甘愿忍受痛苦,但换来的却是误解。就犹如一把利剑直刺中心脏,而她只能无语凝咽。仇也罢,怨也罢,这就是玛格丽特可歌可泣的爱情。她的爱比一座贞节牌坊更崇高,更何况牌坊有时只是标榜和束缚,而这位的爱情却是热情、纯洁、真挚、奔放。所以看透了虚情假意、经历了人间冷暖的,一旦动情,就要比他人更看重爱情,也更渴望爱情。
感谢小仲马塑造了茶花女这样一个可悲却又可敬的美丽女子。然而,希望那已去的花朵再次从泥土中萌芽、重生的时候,远离那阴暗的墙角,能每天和阳光为伴,即使不再那么美丽,也不要重复前世的悲剧。
读《红与黑》是一段太过漫长的过程,因为时间已给了作家和作品最无私而又公正的评判,我的阅读态度自不能像对畅销书那样肆无忌惮,又不能像对言情小说那样不置可否。我是在用心灵去与那个时代交谈,重点也放在历史以外的探究和思考。
引领我啃完着本书的是其本身的巨大魅力。作者从一纸简单的刑事案件资料中展示出那个时代广阔的社会画面,把一个普通的刑事罪行提高到对十九世纪初期法国资产阶级社会制度,进行历史和哲学研究的水平。小说令我看到在生硬的历史书上无法感受的,那段法国大贵族和资产阶级交替执政的关键时期的状况。我从中了解到现实主义作品的另一种艺术特色——司汤达倾心的人的“灵魂辨证法”;这与以往我从《高老头》、《欧也妮·格朗台》中体会的巴尔扎克的“造成一个人的境遇”有很大不同。
全书最耀眼也是文学史上著名的人物自然是于连·索雷尔,“平民出身,较高文化,任家庭教师,与女主人发生恋情,事露,枪恋人,被判刑”是他一生的骨架,“追求”幸福的“热情”和“毅力”、对阶级差异的反抗所表现出近乎英雄的气概就是动人的肉。作者用淡化物质描写而突出心灵跟踪的手法强化的,正是于连处在青年的冲动下追求“英雄的梦想”经历,这是对那个社会形态的反抗,也是对碌碌无为、虚度青春的反抗。
在社会现实阻碍实现抱负时只有两种选择:退避或是反抗。那些当着小职员不求上进、整天抱怨生活乏味的青年就是退避者,他们或许平庸得舒适却被社会的前进所淘汰。能不断树立人生目标、决定实现人生理想的便是和于连有同样气概的反抗者。这个时代当然不欢迎虚伪的言行作为手段,但仍然需要对生活的热情来反抗空虚的度日。这样,于连悲剧性的结局除了昭示“个人反抗行不通”外,就有了对当今社会更实际的意义。
写至此,不得不引到这部小说的一个“创举”——使于连与德·雷纳尔夫人“心灵的爱情”和于连与德·拉莫尔小姐“头脑的爱情”相映成趣。尽管这两个贵族女性的爱情方式迥然不同,一个深沉,一个狂热,他们在这两个基本点上却是一致的,那就是:对本阶级的厌恶,对封建门阀制度的叛逆。记得当于连发现自己的爱情正蜕变成虚荣的工具时说“我把自己毁了”,可之后的细节是“一种高傲之间带着恶意的表情很快的代替了最真挚、最强烈的爱情的表情。”这时的贵族小姐却是摆脱了一向慢得像乌龟爬一样的生活,用丧失尊严的方法博得爱情。书中两段悲剧爱情的进展始终伴随着新贵的若即若离和于连的自卑带来的怀疑,直至生命将要终结时,爱情才爆发出无济于事的原始的火花,令人感怀。
《哈姆雷特》是最令人觉得扑朔迷离的,或者说是最富于哲学意味的。其中如父王为恶叔所弑,王位被篡,母后与凶手而婚,王储试图复仇而装疯卖傻等情节,均可见于古老的北欧传说,特别是丹麦历史学家所著的《丹麦史》中。这些尘封已久的原始资料,本来只记载着一些粗略的'情节和苍白的姓名,毫无性格于动作可言,但是在莎士比亚的笔下,我们却发现自己生活在一群鲜活的人群中间,几乎和他们休憩相关,祸福与共。特别不可思议的是,其中出现了一个几百年来令世人叹为观止而有莫测高深的光辉典型。围绕这个主人公,可以提出很多问题。例如哈姆雷特是真疯还是假疯?这个性格的典型意义在哪里?这些问题都不是单凭剧情就可以解决的。
实际上,哈姆雷特的尴尬在于以一个纤弱而又明达的心灵肩负着与其行为能力不相称的重任。用歌德的说法:“这是一株橡树给我栽在一个只应开放娇嫩的花朵的花瓶里。”哈姆雷特,一个纯洁,高尚,有道德,有知识,有决心,只能以思想代替行为,不可能成为英雄的人,就是那个“花瓶”;那项他承担不起,几乎连渺茫的希望都没有,但又决不可推卸的复仇重任,就是那株“橡树”。
一旦“橡树”的根须膨胀开来,“花瓶”就非给挤破不可,这就是悲剧。在哈姆雷特身上,人的脆弱性和环境的残暴性是如此的相反而又相成,以至这个独特的性格在内涵方面显得致密而厚重,在外延方面也显得博大而深广。正是这样,有的专家便声称,哈姆雷特并不是一个客观的过时的角色,而是我们每个人自己。
“生存还是毁灭,这是一个值得考虑的问题”他提出这个问题正是哲学的基本命题。因为刚刚发生在他身上的这些事引发了他对人生哲理的思考,在他的人生中诸事顺逆的时候,他是不会考虑到这个问题的,那时他看到的只是人生的光亮面,那时的生活无疑是美好的,而现在,突如其来的这场悲剧迫使他正视生活阴暗的一面和人性丑陋的一面。
可以说,哈姆雷特对人生中阴暗的那一面还是有比较深刻的了解的。过去他对这一切只是视而不见而已。如今残酷的现实迫使他面对这一切。他预感到,自己已经被不可避免的拖入到一个悲剧的命运中。如果他父亲真是被害的,那么为父报仇就成了他一生中不可推卸的使命。而他的敌人又是当今的国王,要想他,肯定不是一件容易的事,但无论多么困难,父之仇是不能不报的,而他当前的任务是要想出一个巧妙的办法来核实他的叔父是否害了他的父亲。阴谋,暗算与残,这些是违背哈姆雷特善良纯真的本性的,但又是他复仇的使命所必须的。处在人生中花样年华的哈姆雷特背上了沉重的复仇使命,心中整日充满仇恨,使他内心阴暗而沉重,他陷入了无法自拔的痛苦的深渊
《傲慢与偏见》这本书,在初中时已经接触过了。只是当时只是看到了男女主角之间的感情纠葛,起起落落的心情,让人沉浸在其中,几年之后,再次翻阅,别有一番风味。
班纳特家有5个女儿均未出嫁,而班纳特太太是一个神经质虚荣心十足的女人,将每个女儿嫁出去是她这一生唯一的大事却从不费心管教女儿的举止,而班纳特先生是个顾家的老绅士,却放任妻子和女儿的不得体行为,宁愿躲进图书室寻求平静。简·班纳特是班纳特家的大女儿,容貌美丽、性情温柔、沉静;伊莉沙白·班纳特是班纳特家的二女儿,个性活泼大方、聪慧与美貌并俱;三女儿玛丽容貌不若其它姊妹出色,因此便在品德及知识上用功,但也造成她的自大态度;排行第四的凯蒂个性浮华,与么妹丽迪雅最热忠跳舞,举止常失礼而不自知;么女儿爱慕虚荣、注重享乐、跳舞和与军官斗闹取乐是她生活的唯一目的。有一天他们家附近的搬来了一个有钱的单身男子彬格莱·查尔斯,他是一个个性温和、做人真诚不拘泥小节的富家青年,在一个宴会彬格莱却恋上了班纳特家的大女儿简,与简·班纳特相互爱慕;而彬格莱的好朋友达西·费茨威廉个性拘谨严肃,不善言词常给人自大傲慢的印象,在不知不觉中喜欢上班纳特家的二女儿伊莉沙白,但是因为班纳特一家本身并不是得体的家族令这两段恋情受到障碍,伊莉沙白一开始就对傲慢的达西存有偏见,主要就是描述他们这段关系的转变过程。
傲慢与偏见,在书中是男女主角爱情上的障碍,但在现实社会中也是人们相互之间交流的障碍,更是在正确对待自己,对待事物上的绊脚石。人的缺陷太多,首先是心灵上的陷阱。要想在一生中成一番事业,无论是知识、教养、还是爱情、事业,都需要同自己心灵的种种浅浮的陷阱或阴影做斗争,经过各种误解和长时间的反复的认识过程,慢慢由心灵克服各自弱点和毛病,而走向开放、洒脱、自由的必然结果。扰扰尘世,做人不易;茫茫人海,佳偶难见。然而没有爱情不要勉强人结婚,只要人品正直,追求美德,不放松向喜之心,不苟且、贪图一时之利欲,追求两心之和谐、相应,运用彼此的智慧,克服心灵上的缺点,终得如愿以偿。人和人之间的相处总会有一些小小的摩擦,而这些摩擦,往往就是自己内心中所潜藏的弱点或毛病,要和别人能够更愉快的生活,就必须先了解到自己的缺点,并磨去他,其次是了解别人的内心,最后再互相深入彼此,如此一来,你会发现到社会上每一件人、事、物都是如此美好、光明,更进一步激发出你内心深处的感动,如果人们不再用心去关怀身边的人,不再去付出自己的一臂之力,那么还有谁要去完成这个任务呢?所以从现在开始,我们就应该将自己原先所存有的毛病给除去,换上一个全新的自我,为崭新的未来打拚吧!
I read the Chinese version of “Camille” a few years ago. At that time I was deeply moved by the main character Marguerite Gautier. “Camille” or “The Lady of the Camellias” by Alexandre Dumas, fils, is the story of Marguerite Gautier, a young courtesan, or kept woman, in Paris in the mid 1800's, and how she falls in love with a young man, Armand Duval, and then tries to escape from her questionable past. Unfortunately, it comes back to haunt her and she ends up returning to that life and dies painfully and alone, but with the knowledge that she was a noble woman at heart. When I first began to read the book, I did not care for Marguerite or her attitude or lifestyle, but as I got further into the narrative, I realized that her saucy attitude was a front to cover the lonely woman that she really was. She felt used, abused and unloved, until the gentle Armand Duval came into her life and showed her that he loved her as a person and not for what she could do for him. It must have taken great courage for Marguerite to leave the life she had lived for so long, knowing all along that it was probably too good to be true and would not last indefinitely. And it also showed that Marguerite really loved Armand Duval for she could even change herself for him.
However, happiness didn’t last for long. When M. Duval, Armand's father, came to her, pleading for her to leave Armand to save both Armand's reputation and that of his younger innocent sister, Marguerite saw a way to become pure of heart, if not in body. She felt that it was her duty, because she loved Armand so much, to do this even though it meant giving up her own happiness and hurting Armand temporarily. She reluctantly returned to her former life, knowing that.some day Armand would forgive her. Sadly, she died in debt and basically alone, except for her one female friend, Julie Duprat, who helped her during her illness. She had her journal sent to Armand after her death, explaining why she had made the choices she had. I think Dumas's last few lines about Marguerite being the exception, not the rule were quite true, and I also agreed with his view that while her lifestyle could not be condoned, we as a society assume that all of these type of women are cold and heartless, while this may not always be the case. A person can make the wrong choices in life when they are young, and try to redeem themselves, but sometimes past situations prevent them from changing their lives, even though they desperately wish to do so. This applies to both men and women in many different types of circumstances: involvement in crime; drug or alcohol abuse; gambling; prostitution; financial problems; poor marriage choices; etc. And this is the fact, which exists in the whole society.
As far as the other characters in the book, I think Marguerite was right in saying that no one truly cared about her, but only wanted something from her, the only exceptions being Armand and Julie Duprat. Of course, the Comte de G. and Comte de N. wanted her body and appearance. The
Duke needed to “wake up and smell the coffee” and realize that she could never replace his dead daughter. If he truly cared, he could have helped her leave her lifestyle without “keeping” her himself. And lastly, Prudence was a blood-sucking leech who used Marguerite almost worse than the men. I also think she was jealous of the fact that Marguerite had so much more courage than herself and someone truly loved her.
Last morning, when tiding my bookshelf, I took this book out of the shelf, and a dried flower flew away from the book. It was pale blue, very transparent, with thin fine veins. a dried flower flew away from the book. It was pale blue, very transparent, with thin fine veins. I held it against the morning light and blew on it. The soft breeze carried it away. Camille is just like the camellia, she could never escape from the destiny of withering. But it wasn’t her fault; it’s because of the evil of Capitalism and the hideousness of that society.
Suddenly, I remembered a saying: “Women are like the flowers”. Those pretty women are like those beautiful flowers; their delicate beauty makes people feel they are the miracle of life. However, even the God envies their beauty. It seems that beautiful women always have tragic endings. As we are normal persons, even we can see the hideousness of humanity that results in their fate of withering, we can at most ask quietly in our hearts: Where have those beautiful flowers gone? Where have they gone?
The Life And Adventures Of Robinson Crusoe
It seemed to be such a coincidence that the night after I finished reading The Life And Adventures Of Robinson Crusoe, I was to dine in a restaurant distinctly related to the book itself. This restaurant was no other than the famous American-styled “Friday ’s. ” The reason for mentioning this restaurant is quite straightforward to all the gentlemen, ladies and children who have read the novel and enjoyed it, which is the fact that this restaurant was, most likely, named after the American Native in Robinson Crusoe, called Friday. This restaurant offers very exceptional service, for instance when the waitresses are asked to order dishes they kneel rather than stand, which, unlike the other restaurants I have been to, makes it easier for the customers to hear them speak. Moreover, Friday’s friendly services to the customers help them to make better choices when ordering dishes. I remembered when I went to Friday ’s last time; the waitress kindly described the items on the menu with precise details. It turned out that the combo I initially wanted was designed to be shared among a large group, not to be eaten by one person. I think this restaurant shows many commendable features similar to that of Friday. Friday brought emotional warmth to the people around him with his appealing personality. I think it was this personality that affected Crusoe and made him say that he loved Friday when Crusoe didn ’t express love for his parents, brothers, sisters, or even his wife. “When he espied me, he came running to me, laying himself down again upon the ground, with all the possible signs of an humble, thankful disposition, making many antic gestures to show it to let me know how he would serve me as long as he lived.” This was what Friday did after Crusoe had rescued him from the two savages chasing him. It was easy for me to see why Crusoe had loved Friday. After sometime, Crusoe and Friday were to rescue Friday’s father. When Friday reunited with his father, the scene was easy to move anyone: “It would have moved anyone to tears to have seen how Friday kissed him, embraced him, hugged him, cried, laughed, halloed, jumped about, danced,
sung; and then sung and jumped about again, like a distracted creature. It was a good while before I could make him speak to me.” This is my favourite chapter in the whole book. It is hard to see why Friday is an ex-savage when he can have personalities more praiseworthy than many civilized people, viz. Crusoe himself. “When he (Friday went to him (Friday’s father, he would sit down by him, open his breast, and hold his father’s head close to his bosom, half an hour together, to nourish it; then he took his arms and ankles, which were numbed and stiff with the binding, and rubbed them with his hands.” Furthermore, Friday’s expression of loyalty in asking Crusoe to kill him rather than leave him is more heartfelt than anything Crusoe ever says or does.
Crusoe, on the absolute contrary, seems incapable of deep feelings, as shown by his account of leaving his family—he never shows any emotions. After a moving lecture from Robinson’s father about his future, he still decided to follow his own wandering ambition. Careless was he about the wishes of his parents to keep him alive and prosperous, as he was the only child left in the family. When he came back from the island which he had lived on for twenty eight years, he found that it had been too late to tell his parents that he was still alive, but yet again he did not feel sorry for them; he also did not feel sorry for the two people who had to live in misery for nearly thirty years under the allusion all of their sons were dead. He had the same feelings for his wife: when he was married, he said it was “not either to my disadvantage or dissatisfaction”, implying that it was also neither to his advantage nor his satisfaction. Moreover, after his wife died, Robinson did not think of looking after the three children they had, but went back to the island, which he had lived on for twenty-eight years. It was on this trip which Robinson Crusoe revisited “His Island ” as he called it. I feel that Robinson ’s indifference to his family is almost emotionally cruel.
Before had clearly shown the contrast between Crusoe’s and Friday’s personalities, as when Friday, in his joyful reunion with his father, displayed far more emotion toward his family members than Crusoe, whereas Crusoe never mentions missing his family or dreams about the happiness of seeing them again. I think Defore is very successful in introducing Friday as part of the novel, it makes the whole novel seem much more complete and gripping to the reader, as well as proving that Defoe’s ideology of racism is civilized unlike many other Europeans at that time; natives and savages are not worse than others but can perhaps even be more modern and civilized. Those are the reasons of why I like The Life And Adventures Of Robinson Crusoe and Friday.
挪威作家乔斯坦·贾德所写的《苏菲的世界》是一本哲学启蒙书,她用深入浅出的文字向我们展示了哲学从古到今的发展历程,让人不自觉地跟随着去思考,去探讨一个个哲学问题,了解他们,走进他们的世界。
《苏菲的世界》用小说的形式,描述一位14岁少女在收到一连串神秘来信后,通过一位哲学老师,传授她哲学知识的故事,从而揭示了西方哲学史的发展过程。从苏格拉底的“最聪明的是明白自己无知的人”、柏拉图“回归灵魂世界的渴望”到“希望澄清我们观念的”亚里士多德,再从笛卡尔、史诺宾沙、洛克到黑格尔、马克思、弗洛伊德,苏菲从雅典到文艺复兴时期,再到我们这个时代,世界相谜团一样,一点一点在她眼前展开。
我原本以为哲学是一门不切实际的学问,枯燥、生涩难懂。因为现在的教育在哲学方面给人的感觉是“哲学”就应该是生涩的、非一般人可以理解的高深理论,所以以前我对哲学就是抱着可远观而不可亵玩焉的想法!但读了《苏菲的世界》以后才发现,其实我从来就不了解哲学。“一本关于哲学史的小说”,是《苏菲的世界》这本书的副标题,颇能点明该书的要点。这是一本小说,但也是一本系统地涵盖各种哲学思潮的速食大杂烩,在一本小说里,塞进整部西方哲学史,对追求速度的这一代而言,本身就极具魅力。随着小说人物,在哲学传统中,寻求书中谜团的解答,我越来越深入的了解了以前从不感兴趣的西方哲学史,了解了柏拉图以理性主义为特色,沉迷于永恒的形式,亚里士多德希望用感官亲身体验世界的决心……看过之后,我不仅仅是学到了一些东西,更重要的是心灵的震撼。
在读这本书的时候,我和主人公苏菲一起,在希腊时期,认识了苏格拉底,知道他在雅典广场上拉住行人的手要和他们讨论关于时间存在的形势和他存在的意义这之类的哲学问题,还有他的学生柏拉图是怎样构想乌托邦和唯心主义理论的;知道了中世纪初的伟大哲学家史诺宾沙是怎样将哲学和基督教义以及《圣经》的新约和旧约中所有观点结合起来的。在历史方面,我深深的感受到了爱琴海孕育出的希腊文明是那么的令人惊叹,那里所有的思想都互相碰撞着,诡辩学派、唯心学派等诸多学派互相辩论。思想在进步,时代在发展,欧洲也进入了中世纪,我了解到,那时候的人们开始把自己的思维与上帝联系起来,他们认为智慧包括大自然都来自上帝的创造,因而开始了极端的宗教狂热。那个时期人们对自己、对自然的看法和希腊时期截然不同,他们认为人本身是卑贱的,所有的热爱和敬仰都给了上帝和那些大主教、修道士们。然后,我们又来到了16世纪文艺复兴时的欧洲。这个时期,地理大发现把人所认识的疆域大大扩大,人们开始认识到上帝是不存在的。于是大批的学者开始回到唯物主义认知的方式上,重新研究希腊的文明,牛顿、伽利略、等一大批科学家发现越来越多的人类未知的东西。特别是人们了解到地球并不是宇宙的中心,并怀疑教会的权威时,人们开始重新审视了自己、自然和上帝,对自己又重新树立了自信,这个时期,整个欧洲都沉醉在科学和探索精神中哲学,推动了科学的发展。
当我读完这本书后发现,哲学其实是最贴近现实生活的,记得自己小的时候,曾经仰望着天空思考这样一个问题:天空有尽头吗?大人们说没有,但是为什么没有呢?没有尽头的话,它是什么样的呢?如果有尽头,那么它的尽头又是什么?是一堵墙吗?如果是,那么墙后面又是什么样的呢?我们可以到达那儿吗?假如可以,那么那个世界有尽头吗?如果有,那个世界的尽头又是什么?还是墙吗?如果是,墙后面又是什么样的?这是一个无穷无尽的问题,我知道自己永远得不到答案,但是仍会去想,并且猜想着肯定有人跟我想过一样的问题。那有没有人在研究这些问题呢?如果有,是不是已经有人知道答案了。那时候,因为想不通这些问题,会觉得很烦恼,但仍忍不住想,而且经常怀疑自己是否想多了,是否在思考些无聊的问题,但是看完《苏菲的世界》之后,才渐渐明白,其实这就是我们平时所说的哲学思考,这就是我们为什么说哲学就在我们生活中。
千百年来,不管是什么时代、什么民族的人都在追寻着相同的问题,就类似是“我是谁”“世界从何而来”,正是因为人们的好奇心,才有了哲学。遗憾的是,我现在已经不再去思考小时候想的那些问题了,因为长大了,已经习惯了世界就是这样的,不再去思考有些事是什么、为什么、怎么会了。在成长的过程中,我们渐渐接受了这个世界,并把这一切都当成了理所当然,我们的好奇心也就被压抑住了,从这个方面说,我对世界的好奇心已经比不上自己小的时候了。但是哲学家之所以与众不同,就是他们从不会习惯这个世界。对于他们来说,这个世界一直都存在一些不合理,甚至有些复杂难解、神秘莫测,他们就像是孩子一样打量着这个世界,所以他们才能提出那些深奥的问题,所以他们才能被人称为智者。
我也在反省自己,不再思考这类问题的我,是不是已经失去了好奇心,是不是要用一种新的眼光去打量这个世界,就算不能做到像孩童那样,起码也要做到遇事多想几个为什么。
哲学教授傅佩荣曾经说过这样一段话:“哲学不是万灵丹,但从来不去留意,爱好智慧的重要与前人的心德,那么注定将会陷于心灵之封闭与终结”。这或许是这本书在世界各国广受欢迎的原因吧!哲学使我们醒悟,而这本书提供了一盏明灯,带领我们走进哲学,带领我们从困惑走向觉悟。
以前看小说的时候总是去看词藻的美丽,去追求那美丽感人的故事情节,可这本书从哲学的角度向我解释了世界和大自然的形成与发展,告诉人们我们赖以生存的地球是一个怎样的世界。它在讲述哲学的同时,运用了生动形象的语言描绘了一个耐人寻味的故事。这不仅是一个哲学故事,更让我从中学到了主人公苏菲对事物锲而不舍的追求精神。
《苏菲的世界》是智慧的世界,也是梦的世界。它唤醒了每个人内心深处对生命的赞叹和对人生终极意义的好奇。掩卷思索,真实的我们真的应该好好的去看这个世界了,不要总是觉得凡事都理所当然,这个世界什么东西的产生都有它的根源,都有他的道理,我们要抱着好奇的心去探索,去发掘,才不会固步自封!
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