1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
2、阳光有些刺眼,跑道上燃烧着闪亮的起跑线。我信心百倍,扬起那张倔强的脸。这个季节是属于我的,正如那绽开的笑靥。“时刻准备着!”像一句古老而又充满旋律的誓言,在我的耳边浮现。奋斗吧,为了我的明天。
3、秋天,家乡的农田里遍地金黄,五谷丰登;果园里硕果满枝。丹桂飘香,到处充满着丰收的喜悦。街道两旁的梧桐树上,手掌般的树叶不时被秋风吹下来,好像蝴蝶在空中翩翩起舞。中秋的夜晚,天空澄碧如水,万里无云,月亮就像一个银盘挂在树梢,仿佛一伸手就能摘到。这如诗如画的金秋让人沉醉。
4、自然在我认为,它是世界中最美的一样东西了。比如:拾一片秋叶,细细数它的纹脉,能看见它的生命碑程;抱一棵大树,感受它的粗糙有致,能体会它生命的饱经风霜;扶一块古砖,欣赏它的沉重古木,能领悟它生命的历史……这些不都是最自然,最真实吗?
5、看,那红棕相间的木屋顶上有一个有三片黄色帆面组成的风车,随着春风的吹拂而旋转,给人带来阵阵惬意的微风。前面有一条小溪,天啊,一只巨大的木鞋遗落在了河边,估计是哪个巨人洗脚时落下的。那阵阵芳香是什么?哦,是那五彩的郁金香,它散出芬芳的同时也把这个风情园装点得更加美丽。
6、湛江现在的面貌焕然一新,充满生机,朝气蓬勃,绿色成阴,简直是士别三日——刮目相看。由泥砖到高楼,由坎坷不曲的公路到柏油路,由牛车到汽车等等,总而言之,这里的.一切都在变,变得那么美丽,那么生机勃勃。当祖国也在散发着党的改革的光辉时,湛江也在改变,因为它将要比“东方明珠”更加耀眼,更加辉煌。
7、走进长廊,漫步在青石铺成的地面上,放眼远眺,池中菏叶成片成片的挺立在河面,不难想象,到了夏天,那“接天莲叶无穷碧,映日荷花别样红”的美景。再过去点,一座石拱桥横跨在河上,旁边还栽种了许多花花草草,如一幅风景画。连接着长廊的是一个小型山洞,里面黑黑的,似乎望不到底,然而,当经过一个转弯后,光明再度笼罩着世界,一切仍是那样美好。原来黑暗并不可怕。
8、远远望去,那是一片衰颓的废墟,看起来毫无生机,只有一条小路绕过那片废墟。风微微吹过,似乎闻到了一点点花香,猛地一闻,似乎又没有了。向四周望去,还是只有那一条小路和一片废墟。
9、来到了梅园,大门旁是两块巨大的石头,上面刻着“梅园”两个金灿灿的大字。它的左边有一个木牌,上面写着“春天从梅园开始”。春天最温暖的是太阳,看,石头下那一盆盆一串红围在一起多么像一个火红的太阳呀,给进门的每一个游客心中都添了几份暖意。进了园门路两边是一排排柳树,树枝上托着一个个绿色的小芽随风飘动,好似一颗颗闪着光的绿宝石。树下那大片大片的迎春花似一根根荧光棒,发出耀眼的金光。闻一闻,一股春天特有的香气扑面而来,给人一种生机勃勃的感觉。
10、春天,早春的天气乍暖还寒,春水轻轻流动,春光在碧波里荡漾,垂柳吐出了嫩芽,大地苏醒的消息早已让春风传遍了原野。刹那间,泥土涂上了黄绿色的染料,小溪开始鸣唱,花儿异常鲜艳,有红色的、白色的、黄色的、紫色的…就连小草也仿佛想要欣赏花儿美丽,从地下钻出小脑袋,换上了翠绿色的新装。花香鸟语弥漫了整个世界…
11、追随着耳边“叮叮咚咚”悦耳的流水声,我来到一条小溪旁。涓涓细流,淡绿的安详的色彩,上面架着一座晃晃荡荡的小木桥——这样一条小溪在普通乡村中很容易可以看到。我凝视着小溪,看成群结队的小鱼儿嬉游,看水草在水中柔柔摆动,看一片碎玉搬的波光粼粼。轻风吹起我的发梢,我的头顶上,蓝天对我微笑。我张开双臂伸向天空,一刹间体会了鸟儿飞翔的快乐。我想,也许这就是一种美吧!
12、湛江座落在祖国的最南端,它犹如“东方明珠”镶嵌在美丽的祖国最南端边上。近几年来,这里发生了十分巨大的变化。以前,这里河水污染,垃圾成堆,树木稀疏,发展潜能较低,生活水平也比较落后。如今,在党的改革开放下,全国处处洋溢着欢乐喜悦的同时,湛江也在不断的发展,在演变。
13、花的两边是树,树上的叶子差不多都掉光了,但还是有少许叶子迟迟不肯脱离“母亲”的怀抱,现在都偎依上在妈妈的怀里。虽然,现在他们的叶子掉了,但明年的春天,依旧会重新生长。而我们的青春,却像美丽小鸟般一去不复返。抓紧这点时间,做些有用的事情吧!
14、走到石拱桥边,踏着那石砌的台阶往上走,我注意到那桥梁上雕刻着各种美丽的花纹:含苞待放的荷花、调皮可爱的小猴、翩跹起舞的蝴蝶……河里还有各色的鲤鱼,仍一块面包下去,它们快活地摇着尾巴游过来,争相啄食,好不可爱!
15、夏天,烈日炎炎,火红的太阳炙烤着大地,一阵阵的热浪使得人们都在寻找场所。在荟园里,你却能够感受到一丝清凉。护城河顺着荟园蜿蜒流淌,好像给荟园披上了一条绿色的丝巾;河底的小鱼吐着泡泡,水面上的荷花开出鲜红的花朵,金黄色是花蕊真讨人喜爱,一阵夏风吹过,荷花随风飘舞,好像在想人们点头致意;对岸的仲宣楼威武雄立,仿佛在诉说着襄阳古老的历史。
16、飞机飞到了桂林上空,从窗口望下去,透过白云间的空隙,我看见:一座座绿色孤立的山峰仿佛是一棵棵尖尖的青松,蜿蜒的河流好像一条条舞动着的绿色绸带,那些深浅不一的绿色方块,应该是肥沃的田野,而用一根根褐色线条连接起来的,就是市镇和乡村了。多美啊!湛蓝的天,洁白的云,绿色的山,绿色的田……
17、早晨,雾蒙蒙的。没有明媚的阳光,这样的天气虽不是出行的最佳天气,但是我们七年级的同学还是怀着激动的心情前往西溪湿地秋游。
18、大约到了长江上空的时候,飞机周围的一切都变得漂亮极了。碧蓝碧蓝的天,那么晶莹,那么清澈,似乎刚刚被谁用水冲洗得纤尘不染;纯净洁白的云,那么柔软,那么轻盈,它们姿态万千、精美绝伦,使得任何语言的描述都显得无力而苍白。我高兴极了,紧紧地趴在窗口,两只眼睛似乎也不够用了。
19、我闭起眼睛听风吹过来的声音,秋日的蛐蛐肆无忌惮地唱着歌。秋天到了,书页被风吹乱的时候,我默默地念。天空中弥漫着淡淡的菊花香,我手捧着阳光浅吟低唱,幻想着自己走在落满枫叶的林荫小道,和他和她共同飞翔,那一个纯净的世界,拥有童话和寓言。我们荡漾在那绚烂的季节,收获心中的明天。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
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