1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
今天,我和父母还有外婆一起去了东湖,一路上我兴高采烈。
到了那里,映入我眼帘的是一片美不胜收的美景,中间一条宽阔的河流,两旁林木茂盛、花红柳绿,我不禁赞叹道。顿时,我抛下了父母和外婆,走上了一座大桥,走上了桥顶时,我发现原来这座大桥是叫“揽月桥”,我很好奇,为什么要叫“揽月桥”呢?我依靠在桥的护栏旁,往下望,看见一朵朵蓝悠悠的白云映在水面上,不时,有几条小鱼跃出水面,看起来,它们好像很开心呢?
不知不觉中,我走到了要乘船的地方,我找到一个石凳子,坐了下来,歇一会儿,过了3分钟,父母和外婆也跟了上来,也在我旁边的一个石凳子上坐了下来,不过他们是打开包,吃东西。我顺便也吃了一点东西,喝了一口水,最后,我拍下了许多风景照和游人乘游船的照片。
到了正午时分,我跟东湖里面的所有景象道了个别,跟他们说:“拜拜!我要走了,等有空,我还会再来的,不要把我给忘了!”
中秋佳节,早晨七点在迷迷糊糊中踏上去东湖的路。歌声中,我们在九点多到达了台州临海,穿越过车水马龙、熙攘人群,我们踏入了东湖景区。
东湖近在眼前,而我们的第一站是先体会“江南长城”的威武雄姿。从揽胜门往下看,东湖的景色尽收眼底,阴天下的东湖多了几分清丽。一步一个台阶地走上去,很考验耐力,走长城的人都气喘吁吁,但是依旧热情不减。脚尖触到地面的石砖,是历史;眼光远望的景,是未来。在走长城的过程中,我看着城墙上纂刻的印记,耳旁穿过的风好像在诉说过去的故事…
游完长城,就是东湖。东湖不比西湖大,却也不缺西湖那样的风韵。清代文人俞樾说“杭州游西湖,台/州有东湖。东湖之胜,小西湖也。”东湖与长城遥相呼应,山水风景,美如一幅花卷。一望东湖,满眼都是绿。湖岸边的柳,窈窕多姿,湖波荡漾,泛起层层涟漪,像多面切的绿宝石。游于湖上,可以听见湖心亭边上的园中传来戏文的缥缈的声音,整个人似乎被拉回到了古代,只叫人觉得“此曲只应天上有。”除了泛舟湖上,我们还参观了骆氏祠堂,这里记录了骆宾王的起伏一生,堂前的梨树,屋檐的翘角,飞越出前人的故事。
不知不觉,游完了东湖已是傍晚,到了宁波天已全黑,月亮还没出来。霓虹漫溯在宁波城区,外滩大桥的灯光从不熄灭,但,夜景再美,灯光再亮,也不及东湖那一湾青绿的水,一座雄壮的城…
我曾见过澎湃汹涌的大海,我还游玩过水平如镜的西湖,还观赏过钟灵毓秀的灵湖,但是我最喜欢的'还是那美丽的东湖。
初到东湖,首先看到的是大门,大门上挂着许许多多极为漂亮的灯笼,再加上那极富古韵的门框,瞬间就俘获了我的心。走进东湖的大门一眼就看到了一座假山,假山的石壁十分的光滑。假山前有两颗红梅树,把假山打扮的很好看。往前走就是长廊,走过长廊,就到了古戏台,台上有老人在拉二胡。走过古戏台,就到了九曲桥,九曲桥说是因为九道弯而得名。在九曲桥上就可以看见那清澈见底的湖水,仔细一看还能发现许许多多可爱的小鱼在水里欢快的游来游去。走过了九曲桥就到了最后一站了,名叫望水阁我听爸爸妈妈说哪里是古时候的将军用来操练水兵用的地方,还被古时候的诗人题过对联和古诗呢!你们看,那里的柱子上和墙壁上还保留着古时候诗人的真迹呢!我情不自禁地赞叹道:多么悠久的历史啊!多么美丽的东湖啊!
等我欣赏完那美丽的东湖之后我便依依不舍的回家了。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
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