“你没去过江南。”茉这样告诉我,“你这样写得很诗意,但太假了。”我读到这位水乡女孩眼中一丝冰冷而火热的倔强。是吗?我也有些迷茫,何为江南?
终于有幸去了一次苏州。是特有的江南意蕴,恬静,安宁。微醺的午后,母亲领着我穿梭于大街小巷。没有我想象中的清洌河水穿城蜿蜒,更没有一叶扁舟悠悠荡荡。走进了这座城,我才发现,诗人的词句显得那样刻意。
走着走着,远远看见街角处坐着一个人。走近了才看清,是位卖糖葫芦的老人。一时心来潮,与母亲买了两串,又在一旁卖豆腐脑的摊子上坐下。
老人已年过花甲了吧!他有着因长年日晒而略显沧桑的古铜色脸庞,眼角眉梢间却堆着笑。疏疏垂着白胡须,神情显得迷糊而柔软,没什么顾客,他便抽上一支烟。
这边,热气腾腾的豆腐脑端上来了,摊主是个四十几岁的女人,头上松松盘了个髻。身上系着蓝暗格布围裙,笑着用夹生的普通话招呼我们,没有想象中妙龄女子的吴音侬语,听着却叫人安心。
“爷爷!”清脆的童音滑过耳畔,一个扎着羊角小辫的女娃蹦蹦跳跳地走来,身后一位五十多岁的大妈嗔怪着追上来,在老人面前停下,爽朗一笑:“孩子淘气,来一串糖葫芦吧!”末了,伸手掏出一张纸币递给老人。女娃却一把夺过来,攥得紧紧的放到老人手里。老人哈哈大笑起来,爱怜地摸摸女娃的脑袋,抽出一支糖葫芦塞在她手里:“可抓好了哇,不然没得吃喽!”大妈也咧开嘴,俯身拍拍那孩子的后背,轻声哄道:“回家吧。”随后冲老人笑笑,转身离去。
抿上一勺温热的豆腐脑,听着听着完全听不懂的苏州方言,望着空明的阳光下安详的老人,活泼的孩童,仿佛有一种走近了这座城的心灵感应,才知道,真正的江南,并不仅仅是那幽深的雨巷里走来的丁香一样的姑娘,也不仅仅是月落乌啼霜满天的枫桥,更多的,是这平常生活里的琐碎恬淡。因为,这,才是真正的生活。
走近了,我才知道。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成\"总—分—总\"结构
山,犹如圣哲,沉稳敦厚;水,犹如豆蔻女子,灵动,聪慧。山水造就了世间生命的美丽。
有人生活在绿柳如阴的江南,却向往千里冰封、万里雪飘的`北国风光;有人生活在浩瀚无边、波澜壮阔的海边,却期待一览驼走大漠、长河落日的壮美;有人生活在明月松间照,清泉石上流的乡间,却向往过灯红酒绿的都市生活。“生活中并不是缺少美,只是缺少发现美的眼睛”。生活中的人们往往忽略了身边的风景,静思品味时,就会发现风景这边独好。
我的家乡在日照,那青幽幽的山,清粼粼的水,无时无刻不留在我的记忆深处。
家乡的山上有许许多多姿态各异的石头,有的相互依靠,像是在说悄悄话,那神情宛如羞涩的少女;有的则高高站起,抬头向上,似乎要仰天长啸,抒发心中的激情;更有趣的是像顽童一样的石头,这儿一堆,那儿一块,好像是在做捉迷藏的游戏。春天到来山上百花齐放,万紫千红,争奇斗艳;夏天树木翠绿,树荫遮阳,凉风送爽……真是一派迷人的好风景。
山有山的灵秀,水有水的空灵。在山腰平坦处有一水渠,终日流淌着清澈见底的河水,水流到远处的小河里面,小河河面宛如明镜一般,清晰地映出蓝的天、白的云、红的花、绿的树。小河是活的,层层粼粼细波随风而起,伴着跳跃的阳光,伴着我的心,在追逐,在玩耍,河中偶有小鱼自由自在的游玩;小河是软的,微风吹过,波纹道道,像一幅迎风飘舞的丝绸;小河是硬的,像一块无暇的翡翠,闪烁着美丽的光泽。我经常在河边散步,在静静的河边徜徉,偶尔投一块小石子,或放一只小纸船在河里,随着河水轻轻飘荡。正是这充满活力的水造就了那秀丽的山,滋润了花草树木,也滋润了我的心田。
无须去名山大川,无须到沧海大漠,怀有一颗赤诚的心和一双善于发现的眼睛,无论世事怎样变化,无论走向何方,我依然爱你,家乡的山河。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
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