定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型:
① … is a/the … of … which/that …② … relate to/involve/refer to …
【例】
(1Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
(2Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.
(3Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.
比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物,通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
如:上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较,并阐明了彼此的联系。
(1Lifetime goals should be written out.
(2Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.
(3These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.
先要理解所引古籍或名言的含义,现联系说明的内容,看看这两者间有何内在联系,就能领悟其引用的目的了。在说明的开头文段或中间叙述有关的故事,究竟起何作用:
在文章开头叙述故事,其目的往往是为了引起读者阅读的兴趣,或者是为了引出说明对象。
在文章或段落中间叙述故事,往往是为了增强说明文的可读性,同时也为了说明事物的来源或作用。
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