To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
一沙一世界,
一花一天堂,
手中即无限,
永恒亦短暂。
正文通常以问候语开头。问候是一种文明礼貌行为,也是对收信人的一种礼节,体现写信人对收信人的关心。问候语最常见的是“您好!”“近好!”依时令节气不同,也常有所变化,如“新年好!”“春节愉快!”问候语写在称呼下一行,前面空两格,常自成一段。如:
你好!久未见面,别来无恙。(问候语,空两格写起)
最近,我在学习电脑。对于电脑,我自己可以说是一窍不通,只能加紧恶补……(这是正文,要空两格写起)
问候语之后,常有几句启始语。如“久未见面,别来无恙。”“近来一切可好?”“久未通信,甚念!”之类。问候语要注意简洁、得体。
接下来便是正文的主要部分——主体文,即写信人要说的话。它可以是禀启、复答、劝谕、抒怀、辞谢、致贺、请托、慰唁,也可以是叙情说理、辩驳论证等。这一部分,动笔之前,就应该成竹在胸,明白写信的主旨,做到有条有理、层次分明。若是信中同时要谈几件事,更要注意主次分明,有头有尾,详略得当,最好是一件事一段落,不要混为一谈。
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because it will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
首先,提纯范文 “谋篇布局”及结构模板。
第一段:提出问题或现象。Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段:正反列举人们的看法。So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段:摆明自己观点。In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
其次,提纯范文“段落写作”。
段落写作分为统一性,连贯性和完整性三方面。
统一性(unity:段落开头的主题句应该做到不可太宽泛,也不可太具体,做到有较强的概括性才能使下文做到有的放矢的展开。范文第二段首句以设问的方式提出一个问题is it a good or bad thing就有很强的概况性。下文自然会一方面从好的方面说明,另一方面从坏的方面说明。
连贯性(coherence:关联词是使文章段落之间相互连贯的必要条件。范文中nowadays, on one hand, on the other hand, in one’s opinion即以“启承转合”递进的顺序是文章条理清晰,层层展开。
完整性(completeness:以设问句“So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists?”开头,这是平时较少运用的段落写作方式——设问法。“On one hand … …. On the other hand, … ….”是段落写作分类列举法的典型用法。
再次,提纯范文“句子写作”。
1. It has been shown that … …
类似句型:It is known to us that … …
It is said that … …
It is reported that … …
It is controversial that … …
2. “… … Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities … …。”——并列句。并列句是简单的复杂句。但其运用方法并不简单,注意练习并接句的使用,会使句子显的更加饱满。
3. enable v. 使…能够
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
4. in that = because
表“因为”的连词还有since, for, as,如:
The boy was absent because he was ill. = The boy was absent since he was ill.
此句以我们常用的人称开头,句式简单,我们可以通过把since提前改变句式,如:
Since the boy was ill, he was absent. 句式多样化。
最后,提纯范文“措辞”。
1. attraction n. 具有吸引力的事情。
2. thousands and thousands 成千上万的
形容“多”的表达方法:millions and millions
a multitude of
a great deal of
a large amount of
plenty of
many a
3. “some people argued that … …”中的“argue”并不是“讨论,辩论”的意思,而是“认为”。
I argue that … …
I maintain that … …
I claim that … …
I insist that … … = I think that … …
I hold that … …
I assert that … …
I assume that … …
4. negative adj. 否定的.,相反的
hold negative view = hold opposite opinions
5. phenomenon n. 现象
social phenomenon 社会现象
natural phenomenon 自然现象
6. intellectual adj. 聪明的= intelligent, bright, clever
(选词策略:使用最近所学的单词,如intellectual > intelligent > bright > clever
在分析并掌握范文之后,我们需要运用范文知识练习仿写。笔者运用2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文,以供参考:
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
1、书信是交际的工具,所以有什么话就直截了当地写出来,一般无须含蓄婉转,它的语言要口语化,不能文白相间不伦不类。
2、书信中的称呼和措辞要倍加注意,称呼要根据双方的亲疏程度,由个人来定,但求恰当,不失礼貌,以免引起收信人的不满,影响彼此的关系。
信件不能用铅笔书写,以防模糊不清,也不要用红笔书写,这会认为是绝交信。一般用毛笔、兰水笔或圆珠笔书写。信纸一般用专用信纸或稿纸,切不可随便捡一片纸就写信。
3、不要为写信而写信。人们写信大都事出有因,不能不写,写信时就会一气呵成,情感之气韵流贯始终。若应付差使,赘言连篇,不仅会让对方反感,也会造成彼此关系的疏远。
4、信件书写务求字迹工整,一般也不要出现错字、别字,写过信后通常应检查一遍,看看所写内容是否全已写出,同时检查语句是否存在不通的现象或有错别字出现。信件一定要保持清晰整洁,不可涂抹太多。
Dear all,
I am writing this letter to express my gratitude to my parents for teaching me to be positive and to be strong. “Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” is the opinion held by Aristotle. It is the experience of our forefathers, however, it is correct even today, including my parenting.
It is widely acknowledged that parenting, which can also be explained as family education, is of great significance in our character forming and manner acquiring. To be more detailed, setting good examples instead of just giving precepts is the greatest achievement of my parents. They not only taught me to think for the best and prepare for the worst; they taught me how. They not only told me the benefits of being strong in mind; they proved it. All those things require huge amount of time and work, but it’s worth it.
Without my parents’ contribution and education, I would never be who I am now. But most importantly, I would never be more gratitude to them than today.
Yours,
XXX
正文写完后,都要写上表示敬意、祝愿或勉励的话,作为书信的结尾。习惯上,它被称做祝颂语或致敬语,这是对收信人的一种礼貌。祝愿的话可因人、因具体情况选用适当的词,不要乱用。(可参见下节《常用书信用语》的“祝颂语”。)常用的如:
此致(主体部份写完,另起一行,空两格写,不用写标点)
敬礼!(另起一行,顶格写)
也可以在主体部份写完,这样结尾:
祝您
身体健康!工作顺利!
结尾的习惯写法有两种:
(1)在正文写完之后,紧接着写“此致”,转一行顶格或空两格写“敬礼”。
(2)不写“此致”,只是另起一行空两格写“敬礼”、“安好”、“健康”、“平安”等词,一定要另起一行空两格,不得尾缀在正文之后。也可以在正文结尾下另起一行写“祝你”、“敬祝”,再空两格写上“安好”、“健康”等。
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