动物园的英语作文框架【一】
翻译是受关联理论影响最大的学科之一。德国学者Gutt认为，翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程，它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据语境进行动态的推理，而推理的依据就是关联性。关联性就是制约翻译的基本原则，翻译的成功与否在于原交际者的目的和读者（听者）的要求在认知环境方面与原文相似。关联理论引入翻译研究，对翻译理论和实践都具有指导意义。
美国著名语言学家、翻译理论权威尤金·奈达博士也认为：“翻译就是交际。”他指出，信息如果不能被读者接受则丧失其交际作用，而译文如果起不到交际作用，不能为读者所理解，就是不合格的。
原作者和译者都是通过交际意图把信息告诉各自的读者，因此，要做到忠实于原作者的交际意图，这就需要译者首先要理解原文，并根据关联原则找到各种信息的最佳关联，获得最佳的语境效果，最终做出一个最能体现原作者交际意图的译文。成功的译文是使译文读者可以不必花费较多的努力就能获得与原文读者相同的语境效果，并能准确地理解原作者的交际意图。
关联理论把翻译看作是一个交际过程，而翻译过程包含作者与译者之间的交际和译者与读者之间的交际这两个交际过程。因此，译者不仅要有准确理解作者交际意图的能力，还应充分考虑译文环境下译文读者的认知能力，帮助译文读者找到与译文语境之间的最佳关联，达到最佳交际效果。译者作为原文的读者接受来自原文本的信息，这些信息提供的动态语境与译者的认知语境相结合，产生译者对原文本的理解。在理解过程中，译者运用自己的语言知识和推理能力努力达到对原文作者意图的最接近的理解，从而做到对原文的“忠实”。然而，译文忠实于原文的程度依赖于译者对译文读者的了解。如果译者不顾译文读者的认知语境和知识结构，将原文原封不动地呈现给译文读者，只会使译文读者不知所云，导致交际失败。例如，如果把“Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard。”直译为“据说家家户户的壁橱里至少都藏着一具骷髅。”就会使译文读者困惑不解。此译文只是对原文的表面意思做了传达，并未传达原文的真实意义，对于不了解西方文化背景的译文读者来说就很难以理解。然而。如果将其翻译为“常言道：壁橱里藏骷髅，丑事家家有。”这样，译者就找到了原文与译文语境的最佳关联，译文也更易被中国读者所接受，译者就达到了完成作者与译文读者之间最佳交际的目的。
译者作为原作者和译文读者之间的桥梁，其主要任务是保证两者之间交际的成功。为了保证原文作者和译文读者之间交际的成功，译者可以采取各种翻译策略来帮助译文读者找到原文与译文语境的最佳关联，达到最佳的交际效果。因此，译文读者在这一交际过程中的角色是不容忽视的。译者需要对译文读者的`认知结构和知识结构有充分的了解，做出准确的判断，对译文的表达方式做出适合译文读者的选择。如对《红楼梦》中的谚语“谋事在人，成事在天”的翻译，霍克斯直接引用英语谚语“Man proposes，God disposes。”撇开原作中的佛教色彩，使译作带上了基督教色彩，从而使原文作者曹雪芹向译文读者靠近。
翻译是语际意义的转换，意义问题是翻译的核心问题。在翻译过程中，既要重视语言本身，也要重视在不同的语境中语言所要表达的真正含义。语境在关联理论中又称为语境假设，不仅包括上下文和说话时的社会环境，还包括百科知识和当时感知的信息，这些信息并不构成一个单一的语境，而是一系列语境。在话语理解中，人们只是选取某一特定语境对信息进行推理。交际能否顺利进行，主要看听话者能否选择正确的语境。Sperber和Wilson提出了动态的语境观。语境不是静态的，而是在话语理解过程中不断选择的结果。很多情况下，交际者的交际意图可能会和话语的字面意思不一致甚至相反，这就要求听话者结合自己的认知结构和百科知识及推理能力找到与说话者的话语信息相关的语境假设，通过推理正确的判断说话者的交际意图。例如：“She is a fox。”译文有“她是只狐狸”、“她是个狐狸精”或“她是个时尚迷人的女人”在中英文化中，“狐狸”都可以与狡猾、诡计多端的人联系在一起，但当“狐狸”与女性联系在一起，汉语与英语就有了不同的文化色彩。如果译者不了解中英不同的文化语境，按照中国人的认知思维，把fox翻译成“狐狸精”，那无疑是错误的，因为在英语中，它指的是时髦迷人的女子。因此，译者应该对原语进行文化推理，获得最佳的语境效果才能得出准确的译文，达到交际的目的。
动物园的英语作文框架【二】
My favourite animal is tortoise. Tortoise walk not fast. But I like the tortoise. Why? Because, tortoise is a cute animal. It have a short tail and a four short foot. It have a little head and a hard shell. They are forty-five little and cute tortoise in My home. They like to play in the water. When they afraid some thing. They wall run fast. They like to eat the fish. I often buy some small fish to them to eat. They can catch the fish fast. First, they fake(假 sleep. When the fish swim near they mouth. They catch the fish fast and bit the fish head. So, the fish die. They can eat the fish. In winter. They like to sleep in the sand. When they sleep, they don’t eat any food.Because they wall hibernation. But, when they are thirsty. They come out of the sand. So, we must give water to them to drink.
I love the tortoise. I hate the eagle. Because, the eagle often eat the tortoise with it sharp mouth.My favourite animal is tortoise.
动物园的英语作文框架【三】
我最喜欢的小动物有很多，燕子、小狗、小兔子、小松鼠……这其中，要数我最喜欢的那就是小猫了，说起小猫来，我家也有一只，那么我就来讲讲我和小猫的故事吧。
那只小猫的毛软软的，滑滑的，头上还有好看的花纹，所以，我给它取名为花花花花的胡子很长，有一次我拿爸爸的刮胡刀去给花花刮胡子。妈妈说：花花的胡子不能刮，因为在很暗的地方，她能微微的抽动胡须，才能量出来道路的宽度。哇，原来它的胡子还有这么大的作用啊！我说。
花花非常爱干净，它拉便便也要去上厕所，一个便盆里放了很多煤渣，它每次拉完便便的时候都要用煤渣把便便埋起来。
花花是我的好朋友，每次我有零食都给它分一点，我穿袜子它就在我的脚上蹭来蹭去，我和它一起晒太阳，跟它一起说悄悄话。
这就是我最喜欢的小动物——花花。
There are a lot of my favorite small animals, swallows, puppies, rabbits, squirrels... Of which, the number I like most is the cat, talking about the kitten and my family, so I'll tell about the story of my cat and my cat.
The cat's fur is soft, slippery, and beautiful pattern on the head, so I gave it a name flower flower beard, once I took the razor to shave flower dad. Mother said: the flower mustache can not be shaved, because in a very dark place, she can gently tap the beard, to measure the width of the road. Wow, it turns out that its beard has such a big effect! I said.
Huahua is very clean. It URLs and URLs and goes to the toilet. There are lots of cinders in a bedpan. Every time it pulls out, it uses coal cinder to bury the toilet.
Huahua is a good friend of mine. Every time I have snacks, I want to share it with you. When I wear socks, it will rub on my feet. I will share the sun with them and talk quietly with them.
This is my favorite little animal - flower flower.
动物园的英语作文框架【四】
Today was Sunday. My parents were free, too. I got up at 7'oclock, because my families planed to go to the zoo. After the breakfast, I took the camera and went to the station together with my parents. It was already 9'oclock when we arrived at the zoo. There were so many monkeys, tigers, lions, wolves and other animals in the zoo. We took many photos in the zoo with the animals. I will show these photos in my class after they were printed. The time passed so fast, we left the zoo at 1'oclock PM. I was so happy today. Now I feel very tired and I will go to bed early tonight.
动物园的英语作文框架【五】
Elephant is the largest animal on land today. It weights some ninety kilograms and is about one metre high when born.
When it is 12 years old, it studs over three meters and does not grow any more. Elephant is usually grey in color, having a long trunk with large ivory tusks protruding from each side of its mouth. Usually moving in groups and caring for each other, Elephant is know to be a very and gentle creamre. For many years people have used the strength of these poweful animals to move trees and heavy logs. Elephant has been and is a vital tool for people to do many things that would normally be imposs-ible.
Elephant is and will continue to be one of the greatest creatures man has ever come into contact with. Its size. beauty, and power willforever be useful to man.
动物园的英语作文框架【六】
I like dogs, because they are man’s good friends. They can do many helpful things to us, such as guarding our houses, greeting guests, helping the police, and so on. Some trained dogs can even lead the blind people and save people’s lives. So they‘re treated as our family members. I hope someday dogs will be in great harmony with human-beings.
我非常喜欢狗，因为它是人类的好朋友。它可以为我们做很多有用的事情，如，保护房子，问候客人，帮助警方等等。一些受过训练的狗甚至可以引导盲人、拯救人们的性命。所以它都被当做是我们的家庭成员。我希望有一天狗能与人类和谐共处。
动物园的英语作文框架【七】
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
