Everyone has goals. Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning. These three sets of goals should be developed: lifetime, intermediate and short term.
Lifetime goals should be written out. These goals should be clear and reasonable. F
or instance, the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable. Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles, earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university, successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation. Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years. For the beginning doctoral student, intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal. Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.
Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months. These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals. Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course, learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.
适合这类题型的阅读理解通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上;很多文章从一开头就直接说出观点,表达中心思想。所以对于这类题型,一定要提示学生注意主题句和主题段,绝大多数的短文类似于语文的老三段,注意段与段之间的联系,注意隐藏的中心思想,准确了解文章结构,把握句与句之间的关系,注重逻辑关系,把握住文章的脉络即可。
比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物,通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
如:上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较,并阐明了彼此的联系。
(1Lifetime goals should be written out.
(2Like lifetime goals, these are measurable and clearly stated.
(3These goals are more performance oriented, and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点,准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
【例】
(1Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture,and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.
(2And it seems sensible to wait. One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in divorce. In Britain in 1972, there were 124,248 divorces.
说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外,还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等,只有综合运用多种说明方法,才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。
要提高阅读水平,词汇量与短语量非常重要,打个比方:造房子要砖瓦材料,词汇就是阅读英语的砖瓦材料,没有相当量的英语词汇,阅读英语是无法进行的。所以要提高阅读水平,我们就得学会积累词语。我们不妨这么做:在通读全文后看第二遍,遇到生词尽可能根据上下文来猜,仍猜不出意思的,就把这些生字查好词典,然后抄写在一本可随身携带的小本子上。每天有空时,就拿出这小本子背诵记忆,这样做不费时,效果却很好,因不断接触,反复记忆,词汇量增加得很快。
打开好词佳句积累本的扉页,一股淡淡的'墨香弥漫开来,那是一句我最喜欢的格言,有志者,事竟成。
是的,面对困难,有人会选择逃避,而有人会勇敢地面对。只有勇敢去面对困难的人,意志才会被磨练,才会对人生有帮助。
记得我从小学二年级就开始学习钢琴,当时学习钢琴的人很多,后来,那些同学都选择因钢琴的枯燥而放弃,现在只有我和另外两名同学还坚持不懈地学习。不错,学习钢琴是很苦,但能修身养性,提高素质,陶冶情操,调剂紧张的学习、工作,缓解生活中的压力等等,当然,最重要的就是可以磨练意志。
贝多芬是德国著名的钢琴作曲家。他30多岁时双耳失聪,根本听不到声音,可创造音乐必须要有敏锐的耳朵啊!但他却没有被困难吓倒,而是立志要克服这个困难。他每天在音乐室里练了一遍又一遍,终于用勤奋和意志替代了听觉的缺陷,在他失聪时,又写下了不少著名的乐章。
的确如此,上面的两个故事无不告诉我们并验证了“有志者,事竟成”的道理。虽然人生有许许多多的困难,犹如一个浪又一个浪无休止地扑过来,但每个浪都在你的脚下,关键是你能否将浪击碎。要知道,钢铁之所以如此坚硬,那是因为钢铁在火炉里磨练,然后马上冷却,变得坚硬。人生也如此,只要你意志坚决,就能够像钢铁一样坚固不催。可是,往往有些人没有坚定的意志,像任风吹摆的墙头草,这些人是绝对不会有成功的。因为这句格言告诉我们,没有不能做的事,成功者的路,不可能是宽阔平坦的大路,而是崎岖不平的小路。
问世间“志”为何物?“志”是决心与毅力的完美组合。一只毛毛虫怎样才能渡过没有桥梁的河流呢?答案是:永不放弃自己的执著与意志、决心与毅力,在经历一段痛苦的蜕变过程后,化成一只展开双翅翩翩起舞的蝴蝶。因为有志,小溪汇成了大海;因为有志,枯枝盼到春的绿叶;因为有志,人类助长了山峰的高度。让我们站在地平线上,构筑我们的梦想吧。因为我们有志,并会为梦想拼搏的。我们将会是蝴蝶、大海、绿叶,站在山顶的人就会是我们。
People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution. Pollution is caused either by man’s release of completely new and often artificial substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance, such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.
The whole industrial process which makes many of the goods and machines we need and use in our daily lives, is bound to create a number of waste products which upset the environmental balance, or the ecological balance as it is also known. Many of these waste products can be prevented or disposed of sensibly, but clearly while more and more new and complex goods are produced there will be new, dangerous wastes to be disposed of, for example, the waste products from nuclear power stations. Many people, therefore, see pollution as only part of a larger and more complex problem, that is, the whole process of industrial production and consumption of goods.
Others again see the problem mainly in connection with agriculture, where new methods are helping farmers grow more and more on their land to feed our ever-increasing populations. However, the land itself if gradually becoming worn out as it is being used, in some cases, too heavily, and artificial fertilizers cannot restore the balance.
Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts. In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three or four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which cannot be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metals and paper. Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy.
Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by
cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in our daily lives.
图表题一般最简单,主要考察的就是学生的思维模式,注意逻辑关系,分析其中的细节,找出符合图示所要求的必要条件。
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