议论文,分析事实,论证道理,当然要遵循一定的思维规律;这种思维规律反映在文章的外部形态上,就是具有一定体式的文章的结构。怎样写议论文才算“合体”呢?
一是根据议论问题的一般思维模式,应当是按“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”(或曰“引论”、“本论”、“结论”)三大块构成。“提出问题”即在议论文开头一般要鲜明地提出中心论点,“分析问题”即在文章的中间要围绕中心论点展开分析论证,“解决问题”即在文章的结尾部分或者得出综合性结论,或者提出前瞻性希望等。这一点,众所周知,兹不赘述。
二是分析问题即本论部分,要按一定的向度分层展开论述。所谓“向度”即论述展开的方向。这个“向度”有四个:是什么,为什么,怎么样,何果。一般情况下,一篇中学生议论文作文,其本论部分只要从这四个向度中选择一个或者两个展开即可。但无论是从哪个向度展开,其分论点之间都要形成一定的联系。一般来说,有并列式、递进式和对照式三种。
所谓并列式,就是围绕中心从同一个向度列出几个分论点,逐一论证。如果仅仅围绕一个向度写,那么几个分论点之间的关系大多是并列关系。例如:议论文范文1
递进式同并列式结构相比,除了论点之间的意义联系不同以外,其段落的结构模式与并列式相同,就不再说了。
所谓对照式,就是从论题的正反两个方面入手,进行正反对比论证得出结论。其优点是结构简洁,论证充分,容易上手。最简单的对照式是在提出观点后,一段从正面论证观点,一段从反面论证观点,最后得出结论。还有一种对照式结构是在正面进行论述或者摆出论据后,紧接着用转折或者假设的方式从反面展开论述。例如:议论文范文2
议论文范文1——并列组合结构
近些年来,外来文化的冲击已经波及汉语,于是有知道莎士比亚而不知道汤显祖的,有见面就“哈罗”而不知说“您好”的,有懂得镭射而不知何谓激光的……母语,迫切需要我们捍卫了。
捍卫母语,珍爱母语,是我们的责任。有人说:“一个民族的语言就是它的历史。”的确,作为文化主要载体的语言,一旦丧失,就断了历史,断了文化之脉。汉语是世界上少有的能够沿用至今的语种之一,它的强大生命力本身就是对其价值的最好证明。汉语之于我们,更是一种感情一种精神。它连接起中华民族,是每一个华人管里流淌的液。面对国内高校重英语轻汉语的怪现象,不少专家人士表示忧虑。而国外逐渐兴起的汉学热,只能让我们深刻反思。一个没有语言的民族是不幸的,而一个有语言却弄丢了的民族是可悲的。
发展国语,净化母语,是我们的使命。毋庸置疑,汉语必然而且应该与时俱进。汉语只有在不断的发展变化中,注入时代的新鲜液才能永葆生机。我们要做的是如何掌握汉语发展方向的问题。徐寿当年引进西方科学,特别是引进化学的时候,系统地整理出一套元素命名,至今仍使我们受益无穷。相比之下,当代科学界则逊色得多。时常可见科学文献中出现连串的英文字母,而在日常生活中放着“电视”不用而要用“TV”的就更加令人发指。所谓“恐龙”、“粉丝”、“PK”,其实只是幼稚与浅薄,而非时尚。这是对汉语的亵渎。捍卫母语,必须从还母语纯洁开始。
弘扬母语,传承母语,是我们的荣耀。汉语要在世界语林立足,需要华人的共同努力。在这一点上,坚持讲汉语的杨振宁给我们做出了榜样。最近吵得沸沸扬扬的韩国江陵端午申遗事件已经凸现中国传统文化流失之严重,不知下一场文化侵略的矛头是否会指向汉语?
“关关雎鸠,在河之洲。”汉语从远古之河一路流来,浸入我们的液里。昨夜梦魂里有诗人吟唱,脉里翻滚着长江黄河的波涛。
显然,这篇议论文范文中的三个分论点“捍卫母语,珍爱母语,是我们的责任”、“弘扬国语,传承母语,是我们的使命”、“发展国语,净化母语,是我们的荣耀”,就是典型的并列组合。返回—>议论文>
议论文范文2——对照式结构
镜乃一种语言,买一面好镜则买来了“忠言”,也许它“逆耳”,却“利于行”。如果当初齐威王没有接受邹忌的讽谏,又怎么能取得“战胜于朝廷”的结果呢?如果当初唐太宗没有接受魏征的劝告,又怎么能获得“贞观之治”的局面呢?他们懂得“买来”了“逆耳之言”这面镜子,则买来了天下,胜过百万黄金所能换取的东西。然而,不会买者亦有之,商纣王不愿买来广开言路、善纳忠言的国策,以致落得个身败名裂、葬身于火海的下场;项羽不愿要从谏如流、接纳忠言的忠臣,以致落得个无颜见江东父老、自刎于乌江的悲剧。不会“买镜”的人终究不能成功。
这段议论文范文中,以“然而”为界,前面举的齐威王、唐太宗两个例子,是从正面论述,后面举了商纣王、项羽两个例子,是在从反面论述,这也是对照式结。
议论文范文3——观点与事例之间的过渡
我们要重视“专才”。我们不能奢求每个人都成为全才,我们应重视那些在某一领域某一方面有独特建树的专才。被称为文化昆仑的钱钟书先生当年数学不及格,却被清华大学录取,后来成为一代国学大师。铁一般的事实证明:专才不仅是人才,而且可能成为大有用处的人才。
这段议论文范文中话共四句话,第一句话是论点,第三句话是事例。第二句和第四句分别是”过渡”和”分析”。正是因为有了这两句,观点和事例就粘连起来了。
议论文范文4——多论据的归纳
疑是思之始,学之端。科学上的重大突破,理论上的重大创造,往往是从疑开始的。“苹果为什么落在地上?”这个疑对于探索“万有引力”的牛顿曾有极大的启示;“挂灯摇摆幅度不论大小,为什么时间都是一个样?”这个“疑”使伽利略发现了等时性的原理。这些自然现象,皆是人们生活中惯常所见,然而,寻常人熟视无睹,惟有具有探究精神的人对此产生“疑”,努力探索,以至有所发现,有所发明,有所创造。
这段议论文范文话共有四句,第一句是提出论点,第二句是过渡勾连,第三句是列举了两个事例,在每一句事例之后,均有一句分析,指出共同点,第四句是对共同点的归纳。这一句归纳(实为真正的“讲道理”)大大加强了论证力量。
议论文范文5——“演绎推理法”
万丈高楼平地起,但大家知道,只有在坚固的基础上才能筑起万丈高楼;在沙地上是建不起高楼的,可见,打好基础对做好事情是多么重要。达芬奇的老师开始不是教他创作什么作品,而是要他画蛋,实际上就是要他严格训练用眼细致的观察形象,用手准确地描绘形象,手眼一致,不论画什么就能得心应手了。正是因为达芬奇经过了严格的基础训练,终于创就出许多不朽的名画,成为一代宗师。
这段议论文范文由三句话组成,第一句是用一个比喻推出了一个一般性的道理(论点):要做好事情,就必须打好基础。在演绎推理中,这就叫大前提。第二句说达芬奇在老师的指导下进行了严格的训练,这就叫小前提。第三句自然而然地得到结论:达芬奇之所以取得艺术成就,是因为他经过了严格训练。这样的逻辑推理是令人信服的。
DearAmy:
How are you? I guess it’spretty tiring to correct all that homework, I wonder if there areany shortcuts?
As a new teacher for ourclass, I think maybe you would like to know a few things about ourclass.
Um…… firstly, maybe you would like a real goodassistant. I recommend agirl, her English name is Amy too, Amy Lin. She’s really good atprocessing details, and, yes, carrying stuff (but not too much.She does everything really fast, and can leave enough timeleft.
Secondly, you might need a student-tutor, astudent that teaches other students. Well, I think a student whichhas “maths-craze” called Eric well be fit for the job. Hecan get good English grades as well, also, he loves helping otherswith their studies. He wears black and blue rimmed glasses all daylong, and maybe you know him. Many boys treat him as a boss, andare willing to listen to him.
Thirdly, perhaps you’re alsolooking for a student which can entertain the class and makeEnglish classes more interesting (a class clown. Then I recommendLeo, he jokes all day long, has a great sense of humor and crazyimagination. But he isn’t a classic good student, so perhapssometimes you’ll get a bit annoyed.
It’sabout ten! Maybe I’ll have to leave the rest for nexttime.
Bestwishes!
Alyssa
I am writing tothank you for your hard work for me. With your help, I make great progress inmy study. A year ago, my study was bad and I didn’t want to learn, but younever give me up. You told me that I was clever. As long as I work hard, I wouldbe great. In this year, you cared much about my study and helped me a lot. WhenI made mistakes, you always pointed them out and helped me to correct. Now, mystudy is much better than before, and I want to express my gratitude to you.Hope you everything goes well.
Sincerely yours,
Lily
亲爱的梁老师:
您好!我写信是想要感谢你为我做出的努力。在你的.帮助下,我在学习上取得了很大的进步。一年前,我的学习成绩很差,我不想再学习了,但是你从来没有放弃我。你告诉我我很聪明。只要努力,我一定很棒。近年,你很关心我的学习,帮了我很多。当我犯错的时候,你总是指出错误并帮我更正。现在,我的学习比以前好多了,我想向你表达我的感激。祝您一切顺利。
李丽
Dear Miss Brown,
I am writing to express my sincere thanks to you for caring me in the last two years. During the days of being your student, I learn a lot. Firstly, your serious attitude towards teaching and our students moves me too much. You inspire and push me to work harder and harder. Secondly, I fall in love with English under the influence of you. As a student of science and engineering, I’ve been thinking that English does no good to me, but you help me to find the fabulous glamour of English that leads me to know a totally different world and develop a different way of thinking. Finally, your continuous encouragement supports me a lot when I meet challenges or difficulties. You said that everything to the last will certainly become a good thing, if it is not, not yet to the last. Every time, remembering your words, I am so inspired to keep going.
Above all, I want to say thank you again and please accept my sincere appreciation. Best wishes for you.
Dear Mr Guan,
How time flies. In the blink of an eye,the semester has been on for almost three months ,and you also teach our English for almost three months.Maybe you can’t call my name ,but you have a deep impression on me.
It's my honour to get the chance to write to you. "Approachable and amiable " is my first impression to you, because you always keeps smiling. You always arrive at the classroom early, from which we could imply that you are a diligent man with regular habit. In general, when we are professional courses, the atmosphere of the class have a
little bit nervous, boring.But in your class,we feel very relaxed. And if we knew the answers to the questions,we can enthusiastically answer,without worrying about making mistakes.When learning a new unit,you will let us to prepare for a ppt or a direct speaking which we can express our own ideas and interact with other students more frequently.At first,we feel embarrassed ang don’t have enough courage.But under the teacher's encouragement step by step,we make enough preparations to have positive statements.
I remember that you have said one thing that a lovelorn senior in department of history talked with you and you encouraged him to be a doctor for further education.I don’t know wether the senior will be a doctor or not,but I must study hard and deep to be a doctor. I was always worrying about that my boyfriend will break up with me before.Through this,I know that as long as you ability is strong,there is no necessary to worry about it. We appreciate you for not only improving the ability of our English ,but also teaching us some truths with your personal experience. Nous vous remercions enseignants.
Life's a journey, you shine our light of hope, enrich our minds, adding to our intelligence. At last, I hope everything goes well with you. Please give my best regards to your family.
Sincerely yours,
xxx
Dear Teacher:
I am just writing to say thank you.thank you for teaching us things we need to learn, thank you for being there for us when we have any problems, thanks for your devotion and willingness to help us, thank you for the love you've shown to us.
I am lucky to have a teacher like you. and no matter what kind of person i will become, you will always have your influence on me. You taught me how to study, how to live and even how to be a man. From you I learned what kind of person i want to be and what should i get from life. this means everything to me.
My dear teacher, no matter what you will always have a special place in my heart and i will remember what i have learned from you and carry the knowleges through my life!
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