1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的\',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
想到高一时的梦想,现在竟还未实现,难道这就是梦与现实的差距?心中不免有些黯然,这些天收到的来电中,同学们听上去都很高兴。但大部分都把高一时自己许下的梦想遗忘了,那些现在看来不可能实现的宏图大志,起初我们是怎么轻率的许下的?也许现在看起来很傻,但着真的很美很美。
睁开眼,心中有说不出的畅快。新的一天,此时心中各种可能的小计划在周围萦绕。空气中充满了夏日的闷重与放松。车辆交错的声音清晰地闯过耳朵……真好!
远方的山静静坐落在地平线尽头,鸟在这城市上空鸣叫着,说实话,下午是最容易安静的时候了,只消凝望远方片刻,纵然心中有千思万绪,此刻也都作罢。对于远方,这最容易想到的地方,心中只有期待,期待着不一样的生活,期待着不同的风景,远方会满足这一切的,因为,远方的远方,仍是远方。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
一年的期盼
弹指一挥间,转眼两年快过去了,中专在校时光即将流逝。5月已开始6月将临,即将踏上社会,走向职业生涯 ,面临实习。
20xx年x月至20xx年x月为一年实习期,我想在接下来的这一年,对于初入社会的我来说。这一年也许走的不是很平坦,总会经历着重重困难与挫折。不管是从事什么样的职业,这也许是不可避免的.。
这对我来说,不算什么。在困难与挫折面前 ,我会坦然的去面对,不会去选择退缩,而是勇敢的去挑战。因为我知道,“天下无难事,只怕有心人。”;“有志者,事竟成。”
在接下来的这一年里,我想我会真正的成熟、成长起来。因为我知道,家有负债,我家负有。能不能成才我不知道,但我知道我一定会成人。因为我要做一个有用的人,一个人成不了才没关系,但一定要成人。因为我知道,一个人不管从事什么职业,凡事先做人,后做事。学会做人,会做人是每一个人终身学习的课题和目标,是每一个人适应社会,成就事业的根本。因此,“做人为本,技能立身。”将成为我终身的座右铭。学会做人,凭借所学技能立身于社会。我要改变自我,改变自身乃至改变家庭。因为我知道,我要成为一个有用的人,有责任义务的人, 敬职敬业。无论是对社会还是对家庭。
对于实习的安排,根据我自身的能力和潜质,我更多的是想
从事技术性的工作,因为我有一定的潜质,性格开朗,偏内向。个人认为是挺合适的。不过,这只是个人的看法,因为我不一定非要从事技术,只要自己力所能及的工作都是可以的,到时定服从安排听从指挥。不管是从事什么职业,我都会保持端正良好的心态去对待。保持三个心。“信心、耐心和恒心。”我想这一年我一定会成为一名合格的员工,一名好的职业人士。
梦想是美好的,但现实是残酷的,是无法想象的,是不可思议的。为了实现美好的梦想,人们只能不断的去努力,去奋斗,去围绕着这个梦想去付出,去实践,直到实现。“相信自己行,才会我能行。”加油!谢炜雄,你一定会成功的。
20xx年 x月x日
xxx
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