1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
到了新疆,爸爸就带我们去乌鲁木齐市的小沙漠玩。爸爸首先带我玩摩托车,这太刺激了,这次比赛是摘旗子,我们也摘了很多旗子。最后达到了最高峰,也就是终点。接着,我们订了个旅馆,然后去吃晚饭。在街上,有各种应有尽有的商品。我们到了吃晚饭的地方,我吃到了当地的特色手抓饭,“这简直是我有生以来吃到的最好吃的饭!”我感叹道。
第二天,爸爸带我们去吐鲁番的葡萄沟玩,那里是盛产葡萄的.地方。那里的紫葡萄像一串串紫水晶,绿葡萄像一块块翡翠玉,黄葡萄像晶莹的玛瑙……品种繁多,酸甜可口,好吃极了!
最后是去骑马,我的马总是不听指挥。我叫东它往西,我叫西它往东,总是和我唱反调。下坡时,那匹马跑得飞快,我使劲地拉它还是不停,后来还是爸爸帮了我,让我逃过了这次即将降临的“灾难”。
我依依不舍地离开了新疆,希望下次还能到新疆来游玩。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
10月4日--5日,庆祝新疆维吾尔自治区成立60周年文艺晚会《新疆礼赞》在中央三套、新疆卫视播出,晚会气势磅礴、感情细腻地再现了新疆各族人民走过的光辉历程和取得的辉煌成就,几天来,乌苏市各族干部群众自发或集中收看了文艺晚会,反映强烈。
热合曼•多拉是乌苏市繁荣路社区退休老干部,乌苏市委、市人民政府非常关心他的生活,每年都安排他参加老干部的参观考察活动,让他深刻地感受到了乌苏市的发展变化,对自治区成立60年来的成就感到非常自豪。听说中央三套要播出庆祝新疆维吾尔自治区成立60周年文艺晚会《新疆礼赞》,他和老伴早早坐在电视旁收看晚会转播,晚会节目内容涵盖了新疆民生事业、经济建设、城乡变化、民族团结、援疆工作等内容,老人看了很有感触。他说:“自治区成立以来,特别是中央新疆工作座谈会召开以后,我们新疆发展得更快了,公路建设、文化、工业、民生等方面都做了不少工作,新疆各项建设事业发展得很好,感谢党、感谢政府。作为一名少数民族老干部,我们要继续发挥作用,为家乡建设贡献力量。”
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