1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
假如有人问我,你最欣赏的人是谁?我会毫不犹豫的告诉他,是我的妈妈。
我的妈妈中等身材,剪着齐耳的短发,显得干练精神。两只笑眯眯的眼睛总是洋溢着温暖和智慧。
在我的记忆中,妈妈似乎是万能的。每天晚上回家都能从爸爸和妈妈的谈话中听到很多的新闻,什么次贷危机,燃油税以及近期一些中外名人的事,妈妈还常常借此机会开导和激励我。一家人的行踪妈妈都了如指掌。如果我做错了事,她一眼就能看穿。还有就是我在学习中碰到的问题,全能从妈妈那儿得到答案。那些刁钻的数学问题,妈妈能解答出来,我已经是佩服得五体投地了。然而更出乎意料的是,妈妈居然还会编程序。
今年暑假,妈妈给我报了一个pascal程序设计班,我一听到这个消息就脚底发凉,小嘴翘得可以挂个油瓶,“暑假又泡汤了!”我心里恨恨地想着。
妈妈看出了我的心思,把我抱到腿上坐着,笑眯眯地问:“知道比尔.盖茨是谁吗?”“傻子才不知道。”我没好气地说。“今天这个社会发展得这么快,信息技术功不可没,是它改变了我们的生活,它是社会发展的趋势。你现在不抓紧时间学习现成的知识,将来怎么创新?”妈妈语重心长地说着,我一边听一边若有所思。
刚开始,那些定义很枯燥,我提不起兴趣。妈妈知道后,就出了一些我正在学习的数学问题,比如鸡兔同笼、分解质因数……把它编成程序到计算机上调试。就这样,在妈妈耐心地指导下,我成功地调试出了一道道程序。渐渐地,我喜欢上了这门课,每天都吵着让妈妈出题。每当我看到自己亲手设计的程序转化成图形跃然在屏幕上的时候,是我最开心的一刻,也是站在一旁的妈妈笑得最甜蜜的时候。暑假班结束时,我已经把同班小朋友远远地甩在了后面。
妈妈,你真了不起!你为我精心设计着未来,我的每一步都有你一份辛勤的汗水。相信我,我不会辜负你的期望。
他,是一个残疾人,但他并没有用他那失去的右腿来换取他人的施舍,而是靠自己的双手以及那仅剩的左腿收购废品维持生计。我佩服他。
一天,我和妈妈买完东西刚要回家时,一个收废品的外地人骑着一辆脚踏三轮车缓缓地向我们驶来,可能是长时间在外地跋涉的缘故,他全身黑黝黝的。这时,妈妈想起家里还有一些废品没有卖掉,便把他叫住了。
回家的路上,我和妈妈在前头领路,而他,就在最后跟着。我不经意回过头去看了他一眼,发觉他骑车的速度非常慢,我也没多想,以为他只是不太会骑车罢了,便转过身子继续走。“小妹妹,快到了吗?”他擦了擦额头上的汗水,笑着问我。“哦,快到了,你快点,别老慢吞吞的!”我没好气地应着,头也不回地走了。
到了我家楼下,妈妈先上去了。我也飞快地跑上二楼,当我转过身子看他,我被眼前的一幕惊呆了: 他双手撑着左右的墙壁,一步一步艰难地向上跳着。我顿时恍然大悟,原来他是一个残疾人,是一个失去宝贵右腿的'残疾人!“怎么了,小妹妹?”他的微笑又出现在我的视线中。“哦,没,叔叔,您慢点!”此时,我觉得我的步子是多么沉重。
到了家门口,妈妈已经拿着废品在门口等着了,见他的腿后,妈妈也很惊异,连忙拿了些钱给他,这时,我清清楚楚地看到,他脸上再没有了笑容,变得严肃起来,说:“大姐,我不能要你的钱。”他接过妈妈手中的废品,从兜里掏出15元,说:“这是您卖废品的钱,收好。”说完拿着废品走了。
望着他远去的背影,一种莫名的感觉涌上我的心头,我为自己原先的态度而感到愧疚,对他那坚强的毅力由衷感到敬佩。我不禁脱口说了句“叔叔,你真了不起!”。这时,他回过头来冲我微微一笑,啊!我顿时觉得那是世上最美的笑容!
他,一个残疾人,亦是一个了不起的伟人!
今天,我们这里下了一天的鹅毛大雪,它足足下了一天。
一下课,同学们便蜂拥而出,到操场上去。在那里,有的在滚雪球,有的在堆雪人,有的在打雪仗,还有的在跑来跑去追着雪花……我来到操场,滚了一个大雪球,然后,把它拿回到教室里面。来到教室里面,我把它分成了许多小雪球,向同学弹了过去。弹了一会儿,我觉得不太好玩了。我就拿起雪球在黑板上面写字。可是,写出来的字,不管我怎么擦都没有擦掉。结果,我在上课的时候被老师批评了一顿。
第二节下课后,我来到阳台上看别人玩雪。我看到操场上一、二年级的学生把雪球滚得有圆筒那么大。然后,他们又滚了一个小一点的雪球。接着,他们把小雪球放在大雪球上面。哦,原来他们是在做雪人。他们在大雪球的两侧分别插上一根树枝当双手。他们又用石子当眼睛……他们做好后,就围着雪人蹦来跳去,好象在和雪人一起做游戏。
这时,我向教室里面看去,看到有的学生躲在教室里面,身上穿着棉衣棉裤,脚上穿着棉鞋,还在那里冻得发抖。他们一边哆嗦着一边在骂着老天不应该下雪。那些在雪地里玩雪玩得过分的学生,身上的衣服裤子都湿了,只得不停地跺脚来取暖。有的学生玩得身上在直冒热气。于是,我对教室里面的学生说:“你们赶快出来玩雪,否则你们会冷的。”他们听了我的话,纷纷走出教室和我一起玩起了雪来。过了一会儿工夫,他们都对我说:“你说得对,坐在教室里面只有冷,到外面来玩倒很热。谢谢你的提醒!”我说:“不用谢!”
我和他们一起玩着雪,心里在想我们不能够害怕,自己勇敢就会战胜害怕和寒冷。
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