1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
之所以有人技高一筹,是因为他们会冷静地思考,混乱的思考如同夏日里的风暴,把一切吹的乱七八糟。
热情固然是好的,过度的激动只能叫头脑发热。智者告诉我们:镇定能从危难中获得救赎。
东汉末年,袁绍以保护圣驾为名,讨伐曹操,进攻白马。白马是曹操的战略要地,十分重要,曹操毫不慌乱,率兵攻打袁绍的老窝-邺城。袁绍听后气急败坏,连忙带兵增援。曹操探知如此,掉转方向,进军白马,围攻白马城的袁军还未弄清怎么一回事,就被气势汹汹的曹军了个大败,落荒而逃。
曹操胜于了冷静,袁绍败于慌乱,历史告诉我沉着冷静是胜利的天平倾斜的砝码。
子曰:学而不思则罔,这说明学习是从思考开始的,我不会去思考那些花木兰姓不姓花一类无关痛痒的问题,我有时思考简单与复杂,人的结构复杂,人性也就复杂,细菌结构简单,生活也简单,思考哲学、思考数学、思考物理,小而言之,思考为解题带来思路;大而言之,思考使我更会思考。
鲁迅先生说:“人类急需一场思想的拯救。”现在的人们何尝不需要?大家忙于快节奏的生活,即使是脑力劳动者,也只思考与自己职业相关的事物,说到底,就是赚钱——生活——赚钱。大家都忙于生活,没有多少人能真正静下来思考。偶有两种人能做到,一种是日暮西山的老者,一种是初春新芽似的婴儿。而前者只顾回首一生,后者什么也不懂。一个国家经济再雄厚,科技再发达,都少不了伟大思想的牵引。这种思想是经过思考才得出来的,可不是心来潮。
不思考,就没有思想,没有思想,就没有智慧。即使是骗子的伎俩,也是仔细琢磨出来的东西,要不怎么骗人呢?可见,只有经过思考,才能有创造。思考是一切的根本,也是个人成功的跟本。
现代人忙于工作,勤于娱乐,却越娱越不乐。静下心来思考,才能获得真正的娱乐,心中想快乐,快乐才会到来。
每个人都需要快乐,所以要静下来思考,我也不例外,我要实现梦想,就要思考,因此,我的生活要冷静的思考。
夜深了,万物悄然入睡。我却执着笔坐在书桌前看着作文本发呆,本子上静静地躺着几个孤寂地文字。这次的作文,以“爱”为话题,让我无从下手。爱,这个字太深沉了,我不知该从何写起!
爱是什么?爱是一缕缕春风,吹拂你我的心,让我们的心不再孤寂;爱是一丝丝春雨,滋润着世间万物,让他们从此有了生机;爱是一束束火焰,照亮大地,让大地处处充满生机。有时候,一句问候,一个拥抱,甚至是一抹微笑都成了爱。有时候,爱是无言的,不需要千言万语才能把它淋漓尽致地表现出来,哪怕只是一个会意地眼神,我们都会了解,都会明白,这也是爱!
人间处处充满着爱,我们每一个人也离不开爱!当我们失败时,有朋友的爱。他们深情的问候,让我们感动,有了他们的爱,前进道路上的荆棘也为我让路;当我们生病时,有亲人的爱。他们日夜的陪伴,给了我们战胜病魔的勇气,有了他们的爱,病痛的折磨不再是钻心的疼;当我们身处异乡的时,有素不相识的好心人的爱。他们热情的招待,让我们知道,处处都有家的味道……
爱像春风,洋溢了整个世界。爱,让我们的世界更加美好!5。12汶川大地震并没有像挥之不去的阴霾一样笼罩在汶川人民的心中。那是为什么呢?因为爱。全国全世界人民的爱给了他们希望,给了他们依靠,让他们有了面对的勇气,让他们勇于向命运挑战,永不低头!试问,没有来自五湖四海的兄弟姐妹们的爱,汶川人民将会怎样?他们会有走出哀伤的一天吗?他们会有重建家园,重返校园的一天吗?他们会有重展笑容的一天吗?答案是不会!爱,没有种族之分,没有肤色之分,没有语言之分。不管你来自何方,只要你有一颗爱的心,别人就能感受到你的爱,你也同样能感受到别人的爱。
爱,是深沉的,让我们不得不为爱作出深深的思虑。如果这个世界没有了爱,世界将会是一番怎样的景象呢?不难想象。人人都是自私自利,为了自己的`利益,可以不顾及他人的安危,哪怕是头破流。人与人之间尔虞我诈,民族与民族之间自相残,国与国之间的诚信已经破产。没有爱的世界,充满冷酷,没有温暖,也没有希望。那么,谁会愿意生活在一个这样的世界里呢?
爱,让这个世界更加美好,让人与人之间的距离更加亲近。有爱的世界,处处洋溢着温暖,处处鸟语花香。爱,让我们深思!
立之有骨,自己为骨。
之所以有人技高一筹,是因为他们会冷静地思考,混乱的思考如同夏日里的风暴,把一切吹的乱七八糟。
热情固然是好的,过度的激动只能叫头脑发热。智者告诉我们:镇定能从危难中获得救赎。
东汉末年,袁绍以保护圣驾为名,讨伐曹操,进攻白马。白马是曹操的战略要地,十分重要,曹操毫不慌乱,率兵攻打袁绍的老窝-邺城。袁绍听后气急败坏,连忙带兵增援。曹操探知如此,掉转方向,进军白马,围攻白马城的袁军还未弄清怎么一回事,就被气势汹汹的曹军了个大败,落荒而逃。
曹操胜于了冷静,袁绍败于慌乱,历史告诉我沉着冷静是胜利的天平倾斜的砝码。
子曰:学而不思则罔,这说明学习是从思考开始的,我不会去思考那些花木兰姓不姓花一类无关痛痒的问题,我有时思考简单与复杂,人的结构复杂,人性也就复杂,细菌结构简单,生活也简单,思考哲学、思考数学、思考物理,小而言之,思考为解题带来思路;大而言之,思考使我更会思考。
鲁迅先生说:“人类急需一场思想的拯救。”现在的人们何尝不需要?大家忙于快节奏的生活,即使是脑力劳动者,也只思考与自己职业相关的事物,说到底,就是赚钱——生活——赚钱。大家都忙于生活,没有多少人能真正静下来思考。偶有两种人能做到,一种是日暮西山的老者,一种是初春新芽似的婴儿。而前者只顾回首一生,后者什么也不懂。一个国家经济再雄厚,科技再发达,都少不了伟大思想的牵引。这种思想是经过思考才得出来的,可不是心来潮。
不思考,就没有思想,没有思想,就没有智慧。即使是骗子的伎俩,也是仔细琢磨出来的东西,要不怎么骗人呢?可见,只有经过思考,才能有创造。思考是一切的根本,也是个人成功的跟本。
现代人忙于工作,勤于娱乐,却越娱越不乐。静下心来思考,才能获得真正的娱乐,心中想快乐,快乐才会到来。
每个人都需要快乐,所以要静下来思考,我也不例外,我要实现梦想,就要思考,因此,我的生活要冷静的思考。
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