1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
导入:
第1段:Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.
正文:
第2段:There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势
结论:
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论 オ
赵将军又离开我们,去缅甸“修炼成佛”啦!赵将军离开“江湖”的这段时间,江湖是怎样混乱呢?请听我为大家解说。
赵将军离开不久,我们江湖上就成立了“十大门派”。
首先,是所占份额较大的“放飞自我”派。上美术课和科学课时,那吵得个啥样的,声浪都快把屋顶掀翻了!一到下课时间,走廊里更吵,时不时听到同学们的尖叫。
第二派,杨涛同学为首的“蹭吃蹭喝”派。啥意思?相信在座的各位都不懂。事情是这样的:刘恒毅同学的脚受伤了,中午在教室吃饭,杨涛就站在旁边看,经常能蹭到点吃的。可不是嘛!有一天我就看见他在啃一个鸡爪!
再说我们的.小梅,真是厉害了!他是三个门派的掌柜!先说第一个:“如临大敌”派。因为没有赵将军坐镇,上课前组织大家排队的小梅变得超级认真,有时大吼几声,脖子上青筋暴露。
至于小梅掌柜的“超级作”派和“半不活”派,我就不必多说了。小梅为什么会半不活呢?还不是被揍的!为什么被揍?就是因为他超级作!
说到这里,还要介绍一下气场超强的“横扫江湖”派。这个门派,由吴锶瑶、罗嘉宜、朱倍娴和我组成。我们几个呢,专门收拾那些作的人。
那些男生呢,专门成立了一个门派:“如花奔跑”派。这事儿,还得从赵将军说了那句“像如花一样奔跑”说起。自从赵将军说了那句话以后,男生们经常“像如花一样奔跑”,看着想笑。
“鬼哭狼嚎”派是陈秋硕同学的天地。这次去研学旅行的路上,大家在唱《学猫叫》,我们的小硕子,时不时吼一嗓子,大家都要笑了。
从前的“打女”傅安妮这回居然放下“屠刀”,“立地成佛”了!
虽说江湖如此混乱,有些同学却仍“纹丝不动”,以前嘛样,现在还是一样,不由得叫人深深地佩服他们的定力!
赵将军,快快回来吧!江湖如此混乱,这妖气要您来镇压!
这本书主要选取了十大元帅战争年代金戈铁马、驰骋疆场的精彩片断。
采用了共和国和成立后他们的人生机遇,并且叙述了他们鲜为人知的情感历程。其中让我很感动的故事是朱德的兰香幽远。
朱德一生酷爱兰花,但是,朱德喜爱兰花却大有缘由……1928年2月15日朱德认识了伍若兰,后来在4月24日结了婚。1929年1月朱德和小股部队在小庙里休息,突然被跟踪而来的.敌人刘士毅的部队包围了。情况非常危急,伍若兰望着丈夫,坚定地说:“我和警卫班的同志掩护你突围。”朱德强忍着沉重不安的心情,离开了伍若兰。后来敌军对她说:“如果在报上申明与朱德离婚,我们就可以放了你。”可伍若兰坚决不同意就壮烈就义了。残忍的敌人用大刀砍下了她的头,将其头颅解送长沙,挂竿示众。朱德忘不了夫妻的战斗情谊,忘记不了她掩护他脱险的场面。从此,朱德十分喜爱兰花。
我被这个故事深深地感动了,十分钦佩伍若兰。我长大以后一定要做一个勇敢、重情重义的人。
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