1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
I attended Jack's birthday party tonight. After dinner, Jack gave cigarets to our boy students present.
At the important moment, I stop them and told them the bad effects of smoking: firstly Smoking is a waste of money and it's greatly harmful to our health. And it can lead to fires easily. So we should not smoke at all.
But it seemed helpless and they wouldn't listen to me. Somebody even said that body and health belonged to themselves and it's up to them to decide whether to smoke or not. I told him calmly, "Even if you have the right to harm your own body, but it doesn't mean that you have the same right to harm others'."
At last, they agreed with me, and some students said that they would never smoke any longer.
For the next one hour, we danced and sang happily, and nobody did smoke again.I felt very happy that my classmate all understood the harmness of smoking.
我今晚参加了杰克的生日派对。晚饭后,杰克给我们的男同学吸烟。
在重要的时刻,我阻止并告诉他们吸烟的不良影响:首先,吸烟很浪费钱,它对对我们的健康危害很大。它会很容易引起火灾。所以我们不应该吸烟,所以我们不能吸烟。
但很无奈似乎他们不听我的。甚至有人说身体是自己的,这是是否吸烟由他们自己说了算。我平静地说,“即使你有伤害自己身体的权利,但这并不意味着你要伤害别人的权利。”
最后,他们同意我的看法,一些学生说他们不会再抽烟了。
在接下来的一个小时里,我们跳舞,唱歌,没有人吸烟了。我感到非常高兴,我的同学都知道了吸烟的危害。
黄泉路上,幽灵鬼魂络绎不绝,一眼未看路边妖娆的曼珠沙华,它们一心只想再次轮回,重获生命,这时一个女孩在它面前停了下来,空洞的双眼一点点侵噬着它,发白的指尖在它的花瓣上摩挲,脑海里的灰尘一点一点地被抹掉。
她,不是一个好女孩,因为她将自己的青春年华卖给了那些万恶的“幽灵”。
她很漂亮,肌肤白润,像用羊脂玉雕成的,一头黑瀑布般的头发洒在肩头,年轻美貌的她,羡煞了旁人。在她很小的时候,爸爸便去世了,为了一家的生计,妈妈只能独自去远方求生,留下了年幼的她,随着年龄的增长,她开始意识到自己是被这个世界遗忘的孩子,没有父母、没有朋友、没有家……有一天,她偶然遇到一株曼珠沙华,妖冶无比,一双黑瞳便被这似火的绚烂深深迷住,不同于莲花的清纯,它将自己的妩媚一展无余,突然,她发现它和自己一样是同类中的异类——曼珠沙华,有花无叶,连一向最善良的阳光也不愿触碰它。她伸出玉笋似的手指,轻扶它的花瓣,笑了……
几年后,妈妈回来了,一身的珠光宝气,但她却不认识自己的母亲,脑海里连模糊的轮廓都破碎不堪,妈妈知道自己对不起女儿,就在物质上满足她。为什么我小的时候她不来看我,现在我变漂亮了她却回来了。这是她心中最深的痛。
漂亮的女孩在得到金钱的滋润后,会变得更加光彩迷人。她变了,她脱下了单纯的皮囊,买来了一个妖娆的自己。一身红裙,白晳的脸上勾起了风情的眼线,宛如那娇艳的……曼珠沙华!她开始混迹在各种酒吧,和那些出卖灵魂的躯壳一起疯狂。
悄然之间,她的命运已开始被无边的黑暗吞噬。黑暗的小巷,昏黄的灯光,她一人跌坐在地上,灯光打在她脸上,满是数不尽的惶恐,面色如蜡。她好像被别人注射了什么不干不净的东西,浑身发抖,牙齿紧咬着嘴唇,牙尖周围已开始泛白,她似乎在和自己较劲。那双清亮的双眸也一点点暗下去,宛如掉入冰河的星辰……
既然已经坠落了,就堕得更彻底吧。她感受到香甜的毒品不断地挑逗着她的神经,亲吻着她的液,包裹了她的心脏,让她忘记了自己。她迷恋上了那种“飘飘欲仙”的感觉,可是,她却不知道,神已代替美好,微笑着,朝她走来。
“啪!”一个巴掌狠狠的打在她的脸上,手里的注射器滚了很远。妈妈的眼睛里全是愤怒,好像要将她撕碎一样。她镇静的站了起来,捡起注射器,毫无温度地说:“你没有资格管我!”如果说妈妈上一秒是火山,那么这一秒就是冰川。如今的她已经失去了那张青春美丽的面孔——鹅蛋般圆润的脸庞变得有轮有廓,水灵的眼睛深凹了进去,像随时会掉出来一样,两眼无神。
那天晚上,被打了一巴掌的她彻底地放纵了自己,注射了大量毒品,然后缩在墙角。恍惚间,她仿佛看见无数张牙舞爪的怪物奔向她,有的断了手臂。淋淋的肉清晰可见,有的没了半张脸,一只布满丝的眼睛直勾勾地盯着她,还有的失去了头,黏稠的鲜不断往下冒,她尖叫着,疯狂地揉着自己的头发,妈妈闻声而来,猛敲她的房门,都不见她回应。沉重的敲门声和刺耳的尖叫交织着,演奏着世上最可怕的交响乐。突然,她听见了不断回旋的警笛声,她吓得到处乱窜,扯烂了衣服。她看见前方有一片光亮,后面是五彩斑斓的世界,于是毫不犹豫地冲了过去……
漆黑的夜晚,物体掉落的声音和惊异的`尖叫划破了沉寂的夜空。月亮被引了过来,大发慈悲地照亮了大地。她躺在地上,不断从身后蔓延开来,浸到她洁白的手臂,沾染了她洁白的衣服,一滴从她额前的碎发滑下,沿着面廊滑到了她上扬的嘴角旁,一颗晶莹的泪珠拖着悔恨的尾巴从她的眼角滑落,滴进冰冷的泥土里,可是阳光却无法穿越亡的寒冰拥抱她;也无法让她像春天的小草,在阳光下涅槃。她突然抽动一下,挣扎着,拖着腥的身体向前爬行了一段,身后拖出了一条长长的迹,这是她生命运行的最后轨迹。可惜,从她吝啬的遮掉那双眼睛时,世界已和她擦肩而过。妈妈发疯似的冲了过来,不顾地上的玻璃碎片将她的手臂划出道道口子,她将女儿从泊中抱起来,紧紧抱住,像要将女儿揉进身体里一般。痛彻心扉的哭喊声让见过世间所有悲欢离合的月亮也不禁掩面……
她放开了曼珠沙华,站了起来,脸上依然没有一丝温度,眼里还是波澜不惊,她毫不回头地朝前走去,走向那重生的彼岸。曼珠沙华没有一丝杂色的花瓣上,有两滴剔透的水珠……
Smoking is a bad habit that does harm to smoker and others. Many kinds of diseases and cancers are caused by smoking, such as tracheitis, lung cancer and many other diseases. Recent years, there are tens of thousands of people dying of smoking. But there still are many people enjoying smoking, because they think smoking is a kind of fashion and smoking is so cool, especially among teenagers. In addition, smoking does harm to others as well. Second hand smoking has been recognized harmful to other people. Even worse, it may cause more damages. Therefore, people should remember that smoking is harmful to others and those people who smokes should give up smoking as soon as possible.
吸烟是个坏习惯,它对吸烟者和别人都有害。很多疾病和癌症是有吸烟引起的,比如说气管炎,肺癌还有很多其他疾病。近年来,成千上万的人于吸烟。但是仍然有很多人喜欢吸烟,因为他们认为吸烟是一种时尚,很酷,特别是青少年。另外,吸烟也会对别人有害。二手烟是公认的对别人有害的。更糟糕的是,它会带来更多伤害。因此,人们应该牢记吸烟有害他人,那些吸烟的人应该尽可能戒烟。
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