考研英语小作文每年考查类型【一】
许多研究语言中的歧义现象的学者都认为,我们说话和写文章都应力求“准确、简明、生动”,避免歧义。不过歧义也并不只有消极的作用。在我们的日常生活中,歧义同样也产生了积极的作用,如在商业广告、政治宣传中,歧义都达到了很好的幽默诙谐的效果。本文从语法、词汇和语音的角度分析了英语中的歧义类型。当然,有些提法还有待商榷(比如因“完全同形同音异义词”引起的词汇歧义,由“意义不同、但某些语法形式相同的词”引起的语音歧义等,以便进一步探讨。
考研英语小作文每年考查类型【二】
Fox is with the grape
Hungry of the fox see the grape to up hang the radiant and extremely keen grape of a string, saliva direct current, and want to pick to eat, but again
Can not take off.See in a short while, helplessly walked, and his side walk the side oneself to comfort to by oneself say:" this grape have noes familiar, affirmative
Is sour."
This is to say, and the some person's ability is small, and do to not accomplish anything, borrow to say the opportune moment immaturity.
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Wolf and egret
The wolf mistake swallowed a piece of bone, very suffered, running about, look for to visit the doctor everywhere.He met the egret, and talk to settle the service fees to invite him to take out the bone, egret to stretch in the wolf's throat the own head, and the 叼 outs bone, then toward to settle the good service fees wolfThe wolf answer says:" hello, friend, you can since the wolf 嘴 take back the head in the peace ground, and the difficult way return the dissatisfied foot, and how and still speak the guerdon?"
This story elucidation, guerdon badly person act charitably, and is a bad person of cognition and does not speak the reputation's innate character.
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Little boy and scorpion son
There is a child in front of city wall to catch the grasshopper, and in a short while caught the lots of.Suddenly see a scorpion son, he to think is also grasshopper,
Then two go to catch him.The scorpion son raises his poison to stab, say:" come, if you really dare to do like this, connect your grasshopper that catch to also would entirely lose."
This story warns people, and want to distinguish the pure good man with the bad person, and distinct to treat them.
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Drop at the fox in the well with the 公 goat
An only the fox take a wrong stepped the well, in spite of how he struggle can not still climb up, and have to be foolish there.The 公 goat feels
Thirsty pole, arrive at this well the side, and see the fox under the well, and then ask him the well water the how about it to drink?The fox feels the opportunity to come, heart inside
The 暗 pleaseds, right away the town quiet down, make every effort the laudation well water good drink, say this water is a world the first spring, pure and sweet and good to eat, and advise the goat to hurry up
Come down, and drink to heart's content with him.A the heart think only of to drink the water letter to think the true goat, then the without stopping to think ground jump downed to go to, and be his 咕咚咕 the 咚 painful
After finishing drinking, have to with the fox together totally the company ascend the well's way.Fox early contain preparation, he to archly say:" I pour to have a
Method.You pick with forepaw on the well wall, again Cape 竖直 , I behind carry on the back to jump up the well to go to from you, and pull you again to come up, we all
Save." the 公 goat agreed his proposal, fox to trample the feet of his empress, and jump he carry top on his back, and then make an effort from the Cape a
Jump, jump outed the mouth of a well.The fox go ups the hereafter, and the preparation alone escape.The 公 goat blames the fox and does not keep the 诺 speech.The fox returns overdo
Say to 公 goat:" hello, friend, beard that you of brains if resemble you are so perfect, you not to the extent of at did not see the pure exit it
Front blindly jump down to go to."
This story elucidation, cleverness of the person should to in advance think it over the affair's result, then just go to do.
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译文：
狐狸和葡萄
饥饿的狐狸看见葡萄架上挂着一串串晶莹剔透的葡萄，口水直流，想要摘下来吃，但又
摘不到。看了一会儿，无可奈何地走了，他边走边自己安慰自己说：“这葡萄没有熟，肯定
是酸的。”
这就是说，有些人能力小，做不成事，就借口说时机未成熟。
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狼与鹭鸶
狼误吞下了一块骨头，十分难受，四处奔走，寻访医生。他遇见了鹭鸶，谈定酬金请他取出骨头，鹭鸶把自己的头伸进狼的喉咙里，叼出了骨头，便向狼要定好的酬金。狼回答说：“喂，朋友，你能从狼嘴里平安无事地收回头来，难道还不满足，怎么还要讲报酬？”
这故事说明，对坏人行善的报酬，就是认识坏人不讲信用的.本质。
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小男孩与蝎子
有个小孩在城墙前捉蚱蜢，一会儿就捉了许多。忽然看见一只蝎子，他以为也是蚱蜢，
便着两手去捕捉他。蝎子举起他的毒刺，说道：“来吧，如果你真敢这样做，就连你捉的蚱蜢也会统统失掉。”
这故事告诫人们，要分辨清好人和坏人，区别对待他们。
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掉在井里的狐狸和公山羊
一只狐狸失足掉到了井里，不论他如何挣扎仍没法爬上去，只好呆在那里。公山羊觉得
口渴极了，来到这井边，看见狐狸在井下，便问他井水好不好喝？狐狸觉得机会来了，心中
暗喜，马上镇静下来，极力赞美井水好喝，说这水是天下第一泉，清甜爽口，并劝山羊赶快
下来，与他痛饮。一心只想喝水信以为真的山羊，便不假思索地跳了下去，当他咕咚咕咚痛
饮完后，就不得不与狐狸一起共商上井的办法。狐狸早有准备，他狡猾地说：“我倒有一个
方法。你用前脚扒在井墙上，再把角竖直了，我从你后背跳上井去，再拉你上来，我们就都
得救了。”公山羊同意了他的提议，狐狸踩着他的后脚，跳到他背上，然后再从角上用力一
跳，跳出了井口。狐狸上去以后，准备独自逃离。公山羊指责狐狸不信守诺言。狐狸回过头
对公山羊说：“喂，朋友，你的头脑如果像你的胡须那样完美，你就不至于在没看清出口之
前就盲目地跳下去。”
这故事说明，聪明的人应当事先考虑清楚事情的结果，然后才去做。
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考研英语小作文每年考查类型【三】
1、议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的说理性文章。
论点、论据、论证是议论文的三要素。
论点应该是明确的判断，是作者看法的完整表述，在形式上应该是完整的句子。例如”我们中国人是有骨气的“。一篇议论文一般只有一个中心论点。有的议论文还围绕中心论点提出几个分论点。分论点是用来补充或证明中心论点的。
论据有事实论据和道理论据两种基本类型。事实论据包括现实材料、历史事实、确凿的统计数字等等。道理论据包括自然科学的原理、定义、公式、规律、法则，引用社会科学的经典论述、格言、警句等。需要注意的是，引证的内容能够为证明论点服务的，才称得道理论据，并不是文章中所引的话都是”引证法“，阅读时要认真辨析清楚。
常见的论证方法有四种：例证法、引证法、比喻论证法、对比论证法。
2、依据论题，找出论点。
初读全文，弄清了作者究竟要议论什么问题之后，就可以精读各段，理清文章论述的层次，从文中找出中心论点，了解作者的观点和主张是什么。中心论点有的.是在文章中明确提出，有的是贯串于全文内容的始终，让读者自己去和概括。但它都与论题有着直接的联系。所以，阅读时便可依据论题尽快地找出文章的中心论点。
《谈骨气》这篇文章的题目是论题。依据它，从文章的第一段就可以找到中心论点：我们中国人是有骨气的。
3、分析论据，理解论点。
阅读议论文时，分析论据，是准确地把握论点的不可忽视的基础，也是对所找论点是否准确的最好验证。
如《谈骨气》，作者从不同的角度选用的三个事实论据包含了中华民族从古到今不同的历史发展阶段，三个人物形象代表了从士大夫阶层到平民百姓，从古代官吏到现代知识分子不同类型的典型。他们都是在”生与“的考验面前做到了”富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈“，表现了”宁为玉碎，不为瓦全“的英雄气概，充分证明了”我们中国人是有骨气的“这一论点。
4、了解论证方法。
例证法是根据需要列举一定的事实来论证观点正确的方法。事实胜于雄辩，举出确凿而典型的事实，观点就得到有力的证明。
引证法是根据正确公认的科学原理，根据马列主义经典作家的科学论断或名人来论证观点的方法。这种方法体现着理论的力量和文章的思想深度，可使论述带有权威性，很有说服力。
对比论证法是把一个事物的正反意见或优劣情况进行对照分析来论证观点的方法。使用这种方法可以让正确与错误对比分明，是非曲直更为明确，给人以更鲜明深刻的印象。
比喻论证法是用形象的比喻来证明观点正确的论证方法。这种比喻论证，由于用人们熟知的事物作比喻，所以可把深奥的道理讲得通俗形象，容易被人接受。
5、体会议论文的语言特色。
议论文语言的最大特点是准确、严密，有感情。
如：“好个政府的‘友邦人士’!”这里“政府”是个起限制性作用的定语，这就给“友邦人士”定了性：他们与反动的政府的利益是一致的。而这个具有统属作用的定语是在分析“友邦人士”的真正嘴脸之后下的，与上文的“好个‘友邦人士’”相连，语气更重，揭露更深，表达了作者极度愤怒的感情。
考研英语小作文每年考查类型【四】
??寓言小故事：The Wolf and the LambaWolf, meeting with a Lamb astray from the fold, resolved not to lay violent hands on him, but to find some plea, which should justify to the Lamb himself his right to eat him. He thus addressed him:"Sirrah, last year you grossly insulted me." "Indeed," bleated the Lamb in a mournful tone of voice, "I was not then born." Then said the Wolf, "You feed in my pasture."
"No, good sir," replied the Lamb, "I have not yet tasted grass." Again said the Wolf, "You drink of my well." "No," exclaimed the Lamb, "I never yet drank water, for as yet my mother′s milk is both food and drink to me." On which the Wolf seized him, and ate him up, saying, "Well! I won′t remain supperless, even though you refute every one of my imputations."The tyrant will always find a pretext for his tyranny.
狼和小羊
一只狼瞧见一只迷路失群的小羊，决定暂缓下毒手，想先找一些理由，对小羊证明自己有吃它的权利。它就说：「小鬼!你去年曾经骂过我。」小羊可怜地说：「老实说，我去年还没有出生呢。」狼再说：「你在我的草地上吃过草。」
小羊回答说：「不，好先生，我还未曾尝过草的味道呢。」狼又说：「你喝过我井里的.水。」小羊叫道：「不，我从没有喝过水，因为直到今天为止，我都是吃着母亲的奶汁。」狼一听这话，便抓住它，把它吃下去，便说：「好!即使你驳倒我每一句话，我终究要吃晚餐的!」暴君总有他暴行的借口。
考研英语小作文每年考查类型【五】
伍谦光(1995∶199指出:“‘词汇歧义’是指由于对句子中某一个词的意义有不同的理解而产生的歧义。”
2.1因“一词多义”(Polysemy引起的歧义
Robert.A.Hall指出“人们在各种不同场合赋予一个词以各种不同的意义。这些意义自然也就是这个词的真正涵义”(周立人,1997∶4。由此可见,一个词的词义往往是多义的。侯国金(1998∶66说:“一个词若具备两个或两个以上的意义便是‘多义词’。”因此,用多义词造句就可能产生歧义。当然,只要我们把多义词放到一定的语境里,一般可以避免歧义。不过有时我们会遇到一个多义词的两个不同意义在句子中都讲得通,这样,句子就产生了歧义。下面是一些实例:
2.1.1名词
(12Mr.Smith gave me a ring yesterday.
句子中的ring可理解为“戒指”,也可理解为“打电话”。
2.1.2动词
(13He painted a tree.
此句中的painted可作“涂上油漆”解,也可作“用颜料画”解。
2.1.3形容词
(14It is hard.
句中的hard可作“艰难的”解,又可作“坚硬的”解。
2.1.4副词
(15The man was walking backwards.
句中的backwards可作“向后”解,又可作“背朝后”解。
2.1.5介词
(16The vase is on the television.
此句中的on,可作“在……之上”解,也可作“上了电视屏幕”解。
2.1.6连词
(17Oil the machine in case it gets rusty.
句中的in case可解释为“以防”,也可解释为“如果”或“当……时候(尤其在美国英语中”。
2.1.7代词
(18You should be quiet.
句中的You可以是主格第二人称代词“你,你们”,也可以是不定人称代词,泛指“任何人”。
2.1.8数词
(19She is a mother of sixteen.
句中的基数词sixteen既可作“十六岁”解,又可作“十六个孩子”解。
2.1.9冠词
(20It can be moved by a child.
句中的不定冠词a既有数量的概念,即“one”的意义,也有种类的概念,即指孩子,而不是大人或其它什么东西。
2.2因“完全同形同音异义词”(Perfect homonyms引起的`歧义
林承璋(1997∶82认为:“同形同音异义是指两个或两个以上的词具有相同形式不同意义的现象。”具体来说,同形同音异义词是指意义不同、读音和拼写都相同或意义不同、但在读音或拼写某一方面相同的词。
完全同形同音异义中的B类由于读音、拼写和词性都相同,所以易引起歧义。下面是一些实例:
(21a.John drove to the bank.
b.He was attracted by the ball.
c.The tourists passed the port at midnight.
这三个例句中的bank,ball,port都属于完全同形同音异义词,即读音、拼写和词性都相同,但由于意义不同而引起了歧义。例(21a中的bank既可以理解为“银行”,又可以理解为“河岸”。例(21b中的ball既可以理解为“球”,又可以理解为“正式舞会”。例(21c中的port既可以理解为“港口”,又可以理解为“葡萄酒”。
考研英语小作文每年考查类型【六】
Paul Robert在《英语句子结构》(English Sentence Structure一书中指出:“据多数情况来看,歧义的产生并非故意的。它是由运用句子结构时的疏忽造成的,以致没有能够将可以使意义清晰的标记包罗到句子中去。(周立人,1997∶6”于是忽视使用表明句子结构的句法代号就引起了语法歧义。伍谦光(1995∶199认为:“‘语法歧义’是指由于对句子中的句法结构有不同理解而产生的歧义。”语法歧义最常见,也最复杂。下面是一些具有代表性的类例:
1.1词性
一个句子往往由于无法确定某个词的词性而变得无法理解。
(1College demands change.
很明显,例句中的demands既可理解为动词,也可理解为名词。change同样如此。于是此句就产生了两个不同的意思:(1大学要求改革。demands是动词,change是名词。(2大学的要求改变了。demands是名词,change是动词。
1.2名词(修饰语+名词
1.2.1复合名词或名词短语
(2an English teacher
此例在书面语中易引起歧义:(1一位教英语的老师。English teacher是一个复合名词。(2一位来自英国的老师。English作为修饰语加在名词前构成名词短语。
1.2.2-ing+名词
(3Flying planes can be dangerous.
此句也产生了两种意思:(1驾驶飞机会是危险的。Flying是动名词。(2正在驾驶的飞机会有危险。Fling是现在分词,作形容词用。
1.3带有’s的名词所有格
(4This is his teacher’s book.
句子中teacher’s book可以是一个整体,即“教师用书”。但his teacher也可以是一个整体,即“他的老师”。所以此句产生了两个意思:(1这是他的教师用书。(2这是他老师的书。
1.4不定式动词短语
(5The tiger is too small to kill.
此例也有两种含义:(1这只老虎太小以致于不能伤人。此意对tiger来说,是主动的动作。(2这只老虎太小了,还不能被。此意对tiger来说,是被动的动作。
1.5“及物动词+宾语”结构
(6I found Jim an experienced teacher.
及物动词found后面接了两个名词Jim和an experienced teacher。这句话有两个意思:(1我发现吉姆原来是一位有的老师。(2我为吉姆找到了一位有经验的老师。
1.6并列连词and
(7Tom and Lucy are married.
此句可理解为:(1汤姆和露西两个成了亲。其中and连接两个名词,构成一个简单句。(2汤姆和露西两个都已结婚。该句可看作一个并列句。
1.7悬挂式否定词not
(8His object is not to eat.
此句产生的两种意思为:(1他的目的不是吃。作此意讲时,is和not的关系紧密,可写作isn’t。(2他的目的是绝食。作此意讲时,not与to eat的关系紧密,形成“绝食”的含义。因此not是悬挂式的(即可以自由摆动。
1.8悬挂式代词
(9The man informed his brother that he should lose weight.
人称代词he位于两个名词the man和his brother之后,句意变得模糊:(1这个男的告诉他的哥哥他自己应该减肥。人称代词he代指the man。(2这个男的告诉他的哥哥他应该减肥。这时人称代词he代指his brother。
1.9悬挂式状语修饰成分
(10The people who saw the play frequently praised it.
这里的frequently很难说是修饰saw the play还是praised的,因为状语修饰成分是“悬挂的”,所以产生了两个意思:(1经常看戏的人们称赞了它。(2看了这出戏的人们频繁地称赞它。
1.10悬挂式定语修饰成分
(11Lily likes the vase on the table which she bought yesterday.
此句中的which she bought yesterday是定语从句,这个定语从句可认为是修饰vase,也可以认为是修饰table。也引起了歧义:(1莉莉喜欢放在桌子上的那个昨天买的花瓶。(2莉莉喜欢放在昨天买的桌子上的那个花瓶。
考研英语小作文每年考查类型【七】
目前，学校存在少数学生考试作弊现象。
某英文杂志社拟对此现象向中学生征文，标题是“My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations”。
请根据下列提示用英语写一篇征文稿。
内容要点如下：
注意：1．短文必须包括所有内容要点，可适当发挥；
2．短文标题与开头已为你写好，不计入总词数；
3．词数：100左右。
4．参考词汇：作弊cheat（v.）
My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations
It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.____________
One possible version
My Opinion on Cheating in Examinations
It is known to us all that some students cheat in examinations at school.
As students, we often take examinations at school, but sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us. On the other hand, some of us are lazy and don’t work hard at their lessons. So when taking examinations, they sometimes cheat in order to get better results to please their parents and teachers.
In my opinion, it is wrong to cheat in examinations because it breaks the rules of schools. We students should be honest and try to get good results by studying hard instead of cheating in examinations. What’s more, we should improve our study methods and get well prepared for examinations.
考研英语小作文每年考查类型【八】
假如你在一间书店(该书店卖各种杂志和书籍里打工，书店的老板是一个英国人。
每天很少顾客光顾，书店老板请你提出一些吸引顾客的建议。
注意：1、用英语表达，词数：120字左右。
2、可以编写对话或使用其他叙述方式。
One possible version：
them with interesting magazines and books．a poster outside announcing subjects of interest，such as music，films，video，football and so on．a special introductory price for first—time customers．Once they have come into the shop they will then see the other attractions．
where they can trade old books for new ones at a special price．in the shop where books and magazines interesting to them are on show．Invite them to come and sit in the comfortable chairs provided to meet their friends and look through books and magazines．
