1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
蔚蓝的天空中挂着一轮火红的圆日,下面是一座美丽的山城,到处是长长的街道。一条宽阔的马路上,一个十一二岁的少年骑着自行车,鼻子上沁出晶莹的汗珠,双手悠闲地垂在身体两侧,双脚飞快地蹬着脚踏板。
这少年便是我的小伙伴——李浩宇。他与我同岁,但个子比我高出许多。每到下课,他都会第一个冲向操场,足球网前有他快活的身影,单双杠下由他灵动的身姿......
我知道李浩宇的骑车技术十分精湛。有一日,我便要他给我表演一下,他爽快地答应了。于是他跨上车子,两手紧紧地握着车把,右脚踏在脚踏板上,左脚踩在地上。他右脚使劲一蹬,左脚迅速收起,双脚齐用力,自行车像注入活力似的,一眨眼的工夫就跑出去好远。突然,一个急刹车,自行车的后轮高高地抬起,随即又落下。我愣住了,生怕他摔倒。谁知他又弓着腰,双手紧握车把,双脚在半空中飞快地画了一个又一个圆。渐渐的,速度越来越快。他两只手完全离开 车把,身子立得直直的,像根竹竿,但自行车还是飞快地奔跑着。我看着都有些担心,但他依旧神情自然,毫不惧怕。他还给我表演了:抬前轮和漂移。每当表演完李浩宇的嘴角总是微微上扬,摆出一副很得意的样子。他似乎很喜欢漂移时发出的那一声响,每次都会做出很享受的样子。
我看了他的表演,心里十分羡慕,便走到他身边,说:“你骑得真好呀!”李浩宇骄傲地回答:“那当然。”“你的技术这么好,当我的教练没问题。”“好的,星期天到我家来,我教你。”
我便日日盼望星期天,可总是没有机会。终于有一天,阳光明媚,温暖的阳光驱走了往日的寒冷,正是个骑车的好日子,我俩相约来到体育场。“首先教你最简单的抬后轮。”李浩宇一边给我示范,一边说,“先把车子骑快一点,再猛得一刹前闸,就可以了。但是要记住一点,一定要保持平衡。”我点点头,接过车子,学着他的样子做,把车子骑得飞快,猛一刹前闸,摔了个人仰马翻。他说:“别着急,慢慢来,我是练了好多次才成功的。”说着,他得意地甩了甩头发,跨上车子来了个漂亮的漂移。后来,他又教了我几个花样,但我都没有学会。可见,冰冻三尺非一日之寒啊。
这就是我的小伙伴—— 一个骑车技术高超而又爱耍酷的.阳光男孩。
我有一个小伙伴,标准的瓜子脸,一头浓密的黑发,两只浓眉大眼,再加上一副黑色的眼镜,看起来很有学问的样子,他就是我的好朋友刘阳。
前几天,风和日丽,阳光明媚,万里无云,一年一度的学校运动会在区体育场拉开序幕。同学们怀着激动的心情来到了看台上。我既高兴又紧张又兴奋,因为我马上要参加400米竞赛了。
“请六年级参加400米的同学到主席台集合”,听着广播中的通知,我知道终于到我大展身手的时候了。我心想,400米是我最擅长的项目,只要发挥正常就一定可以取得前三名。我在心里默默给自己加油打气,同我一起参加的还有刘阳。他比我跑得慢,但它同样不容小觑。我们在一起在起跑线做准备活动。
“砰!”只听一声枪响划破了长空,顿时我的杂念飞到了九霄云外,奋力地迈开大步奔跑起来。在一开始的时候我稳居第二名,落下第三名好远,但我定睛一看,第一名竟是刘洋,他怎么可能跑第一名?不行,我一定要超过他,不然会被同学们笑话的。比赛进入了白热化阶段,其他选手都渐渐没有了体力,而我却暗暗自喜。哼,我还留着体力呢,我一定要超过刘洋取得第一名。
正当我想加速时,脚底下突然拌蒜,我诶呦大叫一声,重重地摔在了跑道上。看台上的观众发出一片惊叹,我感到尴尬极了,脸涨得跟苹果一样红。正当我想挣扎起来时,只见一双温暖的手把我搀扶起来,我抬头一看,正是刘阳。他对我说:“你没事吧?有没有受伤?”我被他搀着,一瘸一拐撤出了跑道。这时,第三名已经冲到了我们面前,一眨眼到了终点。我握着刘洋的手,那不争气的眼泪像断了线的珍珠一样,涌出眼眶。刘洋为了看看我有没有受伤,失去了几乎到手的第一名,这是多么伟大的友谊呀。赛场上想起了热烈的掌声,刘洋笑着安慰我说:“朋友比第一更重要”!
这就是刘阳,我的好兄弟,我的好伙伴!
雨过天晴的空气中掺杂着一丝泥土特有的芳香,明媚的阳光无私的照耀着每一个事物,天与地之间的一切都褪去了阴雨时的沉寂气息。而我和她初次相识,正是在雨过天晴的一棵桃树下。
她一头乌黑而又充满光泽的卷发,月牙形的带着灵气的小眼睛,高高的鼻梁,薄薄的小嘴很是惹人喜爱。
小时候的我一点也不灵活,当看见别的小朋友在双杠上灵活地翻身,心中便有一种说不出的滋味。而恰巧,在我和一群伙伴们玩耍时,路过一棵桃树,上面结了几个发青的小桃子,许多伙伴们一跳、一抓,又向上爬几步,便轻松地站到树顶,其中就包括聪明灵敏的她。看着小伙伴在桃树上耀武扬威,我也跃跃欲试,但当手触碰到冰冷的树皮时,我只能望而却步。
不一会儿,除我以外的所有人都坐在了桃树上,那三四个人手中也紧紧攥着未熟透的桃子。看着他们,那种不甘心、失落和自卑涌上心头,毕竟在这个本就该放肆玩闹的年纪,谁又想被人嘲笑呢?
“喂,你怎么不上来呀?上面好玩着呢!”一个伙伴问道。我红着眼圈,茫然地看着他。“就是呀,怕是上不来吧?哈哈哈,胆小鬼!”另一个伙伴似乎猜中了我的心思。兴许是那时年幼无知,他们并不知道这一句句不经意间的玩笑与嘲讽,宛如一把把利刃,插进了我脆弱的心灵。我只有蹲在老桃树下,默然地哭泣。而她,也只是盯着我。突然,又好似下了决心,轻捷地跳下树,一把拉住我的手,发绳上的铃当欢快的摇动着。“我带你上去。”她坚定地说,树上的人都看呆了,而她不顾别人的眼神,拉着我,缓缓向上爬。中途好几次,笨拙的我踩空了,向下滑去,她不顾自己,用力拉住我,她抽出手用力抹了一下脸上的汗珠,冲我笑了笑。
从这以后,她便成为了我生活中最好的朋友。而我每当走过那棵桃树,脑海中便浮现出她热情洋溢的笑脸和伴着涔涔铃音的背影。那个不顾自己的女孩似乎又在树上坐着冲我招手。
Dear Admission Committee:
Miss Pan Bei requested a letter of recommendation from me to support her application for graduate program at your university. As her teacher, I am pleased to comply with her request.
I first got to know Miss Pan when she enrolled at university and I was the assistant director of her class at that time. Being a professor for several years, I noticed that due to the lack of self-learning ability, it is really challenging for students, even those performing excellent in senior school, to keep up with the college speed. However, as a diligent girl without any solid background in Computer Science before college, she adapted quickly to the especially competitive environment in our department. At the end of the first year, she earned the 5th rank in her class, while ranking 1st among the girls. I was fairly impressed by her self-learning technique and exceptional efforts. Hence, I believe, goal-oriented, not afraid of inchoateness and with persistence, she has the quality to make achievements.
What distinguished her among her classmates, I think, was that she went far beyond acquiring excellent scores in the exams and instead got her range of knowledge enlarged. In spring, 2006, Miss Pan took the course I taught named Algebraic Structures and Combinatorial Mathematics. This inquisitive and assiduous young woman was sometimes the last to leave after my class, raising novel questions related to the subject. I found that she understood the knowledge in depth and detail. Furthermore, I still remember during the spring vocation in May, due to the break-down of my mail box, I missed her mails to discussing some questions. But the following week during the course time, she asked me directly. Her zeal for knowledge and the spirit to explore answers really leave me a deep impression. Finally, she was among the few students who got almost full marks in every test in class which showed her exceeding grasp of every chapter. Thus, I gave her 98/100 for the excellent performance in my course.
In summary, I have every reason to believe that Miss. Pan will make outstanding performance at your university as a graduate. I would appreciate greatly if you give her a favorable consideration. Please feel free to contact me directly if more assistance is needed. Faithfully yours,
Wanling Qu, Professor
Department of Computer Science and technology Peking University
Email: qwku.edu.cn
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