I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
3.1 存在的问题
3.1.1 经济担负过重
省直林局的森林消防专业队,每年所需的经费大约在 2 400 余万元,除关帝山林局由所在地吕梁市林业局补助 200 万元,其他局都是自筹处理。而目前各林局(除杨树林局)均为自收自支单位,很难担负这个繁重的压力。如管涔山林局 2014 年财务收支缺口 900 万元,消防队就需 200 万元,占 22%以上。
3.1.2 队员工资偏低,职能单一
消防队员工资不高,月均匀工资仅为 1 832.20元,与城镇职工月工资 2 823 元相比,差距较大,并且职能单一,仅太行山、五台山、中条山 3 个林局有其他收入,但也不高,合计每年近 11 000 元,根本没有同其他专业队分离。
3.1.3 存在潜在风险
森林火灾扑救受自然要素影响较大,形成伤亡风险系数大,在扑火救灾过程中,一旦发作不测,结果不堪想象。如沁源县森林消防专业队在扑救山火过程中,两名队员一殉一伤,县政府赔付 300 多万元。假如林局消防队员发作不测,按国度规则是处置不了的,各局对这个问题非常关注。
3.1.4 物资储藏缺乏
物质储藏缺乏主要表如今配备装备缺乏,运兵车少,缺乏高科技扑救配备。森林消防配备陈旧,更替、更新也不及时。受经费投入影响,固然每年各局均会补充一定数量的森林消防配备,但还是远远不能满足当前森林消防队伍建立的需求。
3.1.5 管理锻炼程度不高
固然林局森林消防队有较为完善的管理制度,并经常展开针对性培训演练,但由于扑火经费慌张,自行补充艰难,致使锻炼少、定期培训演练不够,目前的确难以应对扑救大的、突发性森林火灾的需求。
3.2 对策与倡议
综上所述,国有林辨别布着全省最精髓的森林资源,防火扑火工作尤为重要,且地形地貌复杂、气候特殊,因而组建一支作风优秀、技术过硬、配备精良的森林消防专业队伍,刻不容缓。但是如何组建、管理、运转,依据调研结果剖析提出如下倡议:
3.2.1 对现有消防队的倡议
1)稳定现有消防队员:应与其他专业队充沛分离,在防火特险期外参与造林、抚育等营林作业,提高队员收入,着力培育队员一专多能的才能。
2)对林局招录的人员造册备案,实行动态管理。
实行老人老方法、新人新方法管理;补充人员可社会化购置劳动力。在消防队工作至 45 岁以后,转入林场从事森林管护工作至退休年龄,或自愿到社会择业。养老等各种社会保险由消防队交够 15 年后,到退休年龄可领取养老金。
3)探究有偿消防机制,在没有处理经费的状况下能够实行有偿扑火方法,探究收费方法和规范,以处理经费缺乏和扑火耗资、队员补助等问题。
3.2.2 对今后消防队开展方向倡议
1)局企共建共管,市场化运作。目前,国有林场变革已拉开帷幕,森林资源社会化、专业化管理已势在必行。社会上也呈现了融造林、园林绿化、森林抚育、森林防火、森林消防为一体的`有限公司,由此消防队有两种形式可走。一是林局现有消防队分离森林资源的管护,实行企业化管理,组建公司运转,一切经费包括队员工资、保险及劳动关系全部移交公司,林局给予一定补助,以保证林区一旦发作火灾,能第一时间赶赴火场。二是由社会资本介入森林消防队,实行股份制运营或购置效劳。
2)局地协作,共建共享。从关帝山林局森林消防队运转来看,与中央协作建队是一种理想的形式,共同商定出资比例与责权,林局担任管理,挂两块牌子,本地本局发作火灾统一调度,比拟好谐和。管涔山林局和宁武县政府已达成共识,正在办理之中。
3)政府组建,林局管理。森林资源的国有化和职业的专业性、风险性,决议森林消防专业队应由政府组建。这样机构编制、人员经费、配备、队伍锻炼等许多问题都能得到处理。剖析森林消防专业队组建以来火灾发作和扑救状况,笔者以为,有一支遵从指挥、作风过硬、能打胜仗,又对森林资源有感情的根底上,省直林局消防队都有不可比较的优势。倡议组建省级森林消防专业大队,省直林局消防专业队承受省大队的业务指导与调度,省直林局代行管理权。并逐渐构成省、市、县三级森林消防体系。
总之,森林消防专业队是维护森林资源的一支重要力气,具有近林、灵敏、疾速、能战的优势,无论体制、运转机制如何,存在是非常必要的。
1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
Last Sunday, Jim went out to fly a kite. The kite flew highly in the sky. Jim ran with it happily.
Suddenly the line was broken and the kite flew away. Soon it disappeared. Where was it?
Jim had no idea. So he had to run here and there to look for the kite. At last he saw it on the top of the tree. He tried to get it down. But he couldn’t. He felt sad.
从学校出来,一路走来,有过一片荒凉,又有一片繁华。但是,就在这条路上,我看到过很多,但是它一直都在,从来都在那里。
门口有一些超市,但那里面的东西对于我们这些住校生简直是种奢侈。走过一条蜿蜒的小路,便会看见一片农田,若是如今前去,那低垂着收获的麦穗,那片金黄无边无垠,就是这喧嚣城市中一点质朴的点缀。又若是晚春或是夏初前来,还能看见田间劳作的老农。又走过一些路程,就会有一些待拆的民房,已经没有人住了,曾经这是一些老式的`成都建筑,住的也都是那些老成都人,有些质朴,很可爱的人。可却随岁月消逝了。
走过这段荒凉之后,便是繁华的成都市区了。我的第一个目的地是一个车站,或许很久也没有一辆车,但是我却从没有过失望,或许我比较开朗吧,又或许这让我有一丝闲暇去回忆先前走过的路吧。当车开来了,我微笑的走上去即使没有座位。
路上有耸入云间的高楼,有气派的酒店,有纵横交错的立交桥;也有古朴的民居,清澈的小溪,还有这溪上人声鼎沸的小桥。一路下来,有太多太多,便也不一一细说了。
或许一路下来我一直都没有坐到座位,或许坐到了,又让给了老人,但是总没什么的。下车了,到小区还有些路程,这里有一片绿荫,一片清幽的地方。好一会儿,走到了门口。那门卫总会笑眯眯地向我敬礼,总会向我问好。于是我就回到了家。
路上的一切都在改变,无数的事物都在消逝于新生间徘徊。但是,这条路一直都在,对于前方的理想也一直存在着。
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题
As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下
正文:
第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的`理由
结论:
第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
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