米老师要选几个力气大的男生去搬书,从学校的总务室搬到教室。
“我去!我去!”
没有一个男生觉得自己的力气小,都觉得自己的'力气是最大的。杜歌飞的座位在后面,他怕米老师看不见他,就把手一直举到米老师的鼻子尖下,米老师只好让他也去搬书。杜歌飞搬的是语文书。因为语文书最厚,摞得最高,杜歌飞就抢着要搬语文书。把书从总务室搬到教室,中间要经过操场,可昨天下了雨,操场上还积了一些水。杜歌飞抱着一大摞语文书,脚下生风,他想得到米老师的表扬。
正想得美美的,不料脚下一滑,杜歌飞摔了个仰八叉,书也撒了一地,有几本还撒在了一个水坑里。
“杜歌飞把书撒了!”
“杜歌飞把书弄脏了!”
其他几个搬书的同学,一路高喊着跑去告诉米老师。闯祸了!杜歌飞坐在地上,哇哇大哭起来。米老师来了。她先把杜歌飞从地上扶起来,然后把地上的书一本一本地拾起来。杜歌飞不哭了,他学着米老师,把书一本本地从地上拾起来,整整齐齐地码成一摞。米老师把书搬到教室里去,杜歌飞跟在米老师后面,低着头,心里冬冬地打着鼓。因为有几本书上沾了泥水,谁会要脏书呢?米老师把那几本沾上泥水的脏书挑出来,放在一边,说:“杜歌飞同学热心为大家做事情,你们说是不是应该表扬?”
“应该”。
全班同学齐声回答。
“可是,杜歌飞同学在搬书的时候,有几本书掉在地上,沾上了泥水,谁愿意要脏书呢?”
教室里一下子变得十分安静。
“我要!”
杜歌飞看见,一个梳着两根翘辫子的女生,把手高高地举了起来。
米老师把一本脏书发给了这个叫金贝贝的女生。
“我要!”
“我要!”
“我要!”
全班四十几个同学,全部举起了手。杜歌飞的眼睛里,是一片手的森林。结果,那几本脏书根本就不够发。杜歌飞很想米老师发一本脏书给他,可是,他最终没有得到。
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为,语言交际是一个认知过程,交际双方之所以能够配合默契,是因为有一个最佳的认知模式,即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定:语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标,人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息,以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向,但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联,即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果,并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设,所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境,交际中的语境不是固定不变的,而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示,即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图;推理,即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中,听话人的推理是理解话语的核心,而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联,关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果,有了语境效果,就能正确理解话语,使交际获得成功。
记得小时候,我惹了一次祸,让我害怕了好久。那是我七岁,我喜欢用打火机点纸来玩。我拿着打火机往家走,看见晾在外面的被子上有一只大蚊子,我去吹它,它不动,我就用打火机烧它,它就飞走了,不料被子被我点着了,看着慢慢燃起来的被子,我想到了妈妈那生气id脸,还有手上的衣架和晾衣杆,我知道我惹祸了,我好害怕,我不敢走,或越燃越大,我也越来越想哭,就组那里看着燃烧的被子,脸上没有任何表情,全身颤抖着,围观的人越来越。他们都在谈论着:“这小孩怎么回事?居然把别人的被子烧了……
突然,妈妈出现在我的眼前,她果然是我想象的那样,被子的主人来了,妈妈急忙向她道歉,并说是她管教的不好。被子的主人说:“被子烧了没有关系,但是孩子不能被烧到,下回一定要小心。”之后人群慢慢的散开了,只有我和妈妈。妈妈说:“走了,外面回家吧。”妈妈满脸写满了懊悔,回到家,妈妈并没有打我,只是说我几句:“以后不要这样,做人要避免犯错,这样才会健康的成长……
经过这次事情,我要感谢妈妈对我的养育之恩。我会永远的牢记,再也不会发生第二次了!
(1) 不同观点列举型( 选择型 )
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目
______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
(3)答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
(4) 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically )
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
(2)利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
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