第三次课: 分词在句子中的用法
教学目标: 使学生初步了解及在句子使用分词
教学内容:
一、 动名词及不定式作业讲解
二、分词
现在分词和过去分词两种。
作为谓语,现在分词和be 一起构成进行时;过去分词和be一起构成被动语态,和have一起构成完成时。
例如:
I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。(现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。)
Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。(过去分词和have 一起表示主语已经完成的动作。)
The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。(过去分词和be 一起表示主语是动作的承受者。)
作为非谓语形式,分词可用作形容词和副词,在句子中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语、状语构成分词短语。 现在分词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为或存在的状态;它的完成式(having + 过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。
现在分词有主动语态和被动语态(being + 过去分词。
过去分词只有一般式,表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。过去分词(及物动词)本身可以表示被动的含义,因而没有别的被动形式。
例如:
Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didn’t want to try again. 他失败了三次,不想再干了。(having failed 表示发生在前的动作)
Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man’s foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe? 克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候,看见沙上有人的脚印。(walking 表示同时发生的动作)
The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important. 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。
The old days are gone. 旧时代一去不复返了。(gone 表示完成的状态)
I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理发了。(cut 是及物动词的过去分词,表示“被人理发”。) 分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。
例如:
Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道怕火,用手去摸,把手指烫了。
Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁,就去找警察帮忙。
(一)现在分词和过去分词的区别
(1)在语态上现在分词表示主动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或物的行为;及物动词的过去分词表示被动的意思,表示它所修饰的人或物是动作的承受者。换言之,现在分词是它修饰
的成分所作出的动作,过去分词是它修饰的成分所承受的动作。
例如:
convincing facts 有说服力的事实 / convinced audience 被说服了的听众
the exploiting class 剥削阶级 / the exploited class被剥削阶级
a frightening dog一条让人害怕的狗 / a frightened dog一条被吓坏了的狗
driving gears主动齿轮 / driven gears从动齿轮
(2)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已完成。
例如:
the rising sun (正在升起的太阳 / the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the falling rain(正在下的雨)/ the fallen leaves(落下的树叶)
stolen money(被盗的钱/偷来的钱)/ill-gotten wealth(不义之财)
a high-flying kite(高飞的风筝)
再看一些例子:
boiling water 沸腾的水/boiled water 开水/developing countries 发展中国家/developed countries 发达国家/an exciting story 令人激动的故事/ excited people 激动的人们
(2)在时间上,现在分词往往表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已完成。
再看一些例子:
surprising news令人惊讶的消息/a surprised man受惊吓的人/an inspiring leader具有号召力的领袖/the inspired soldiers受到鼓舞的士兵/a delighted speech令人高兴的演说/the delighted audience(感到高兴的听众/a moving film动人的电影/the moved children受到感到的孩子们/a box containing tea装茶叶的盒子/the tea contained in a box装在盒里的茶叶/ falling snow正在下的雪/fallen snow box落在地上的雪
(3)做表语时的不同。现在分词做表语表示主语所具有的特征,意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态,意思是“感到如何”。
例如:
His lecture is disappointing。I’m disappointed。他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。
We are surprised to hear the news。The news is surprising。我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。
The situation is encouraging。 We’re encouraged。形式使人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。
常用的还有:amusing/amused,astonishing/astonished,disappointing/disappointed,exciting/excited,frightening/frightened,interesting interested,moving/moved, relaxing/relaxed,satisfying/satisfied,shocking/shocked,surprising/surprised,terrifying/terrified,tiring/tired,worrying/worried等等。
(4)做状语的区别,分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。
例如:
Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note。看到没人在家,她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义,几乎同时
The secretary worked late into the night,preparing a speech for the president。秘书工作到晚上很晚,给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义,同时
Tired of the noise,he closed the window。对噪音感到厌烦,所以他把窗户关上。(被动意义,
在谓语之前
Deeply moved,she thanked me again and again。她深深地受了感动,再三谢我。(被动意义,在谓语之前
Persuade by my mother,she gladly went there alone。在我母亲劝说下,她才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义,在谓语之前
如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生,现在分词要用完成形式,但意思仍然是主动的。 例如:
Having watered the vegetables,they began to pick up the Apples。=After they had watered the vegetables,they began to pick up the apples。他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。 Having finished the work,he packed his tools and left。完工后,他收拾起工具走了。 分词做状语时,前面可用连词或介词。
例如:
After eating my dinner quickly,I went to see Jim off。我赶快吃过晚饭就去给吉姆送行。 Though built before the Second World War,the engine is still in good condition。尽管是在二战以前建的,这引擎仍然处于良好状态。
Unless paying by credit card,please pay in cash。如果不用信用卡付款,请用现金付。 Tom will never do this unless compelled。汤姆永远也不会干这种事,除非被逼无奈。 She’s been quite different since coming back from America。从美国回来后,她大变了。
(二)用法
1.作定语。作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。如果被修饰的词是something,anything,everything,nothing等,则分词放在这些词之后。分词短语通常放在被修饰的名词之后。
例如:
This is an interesting book。(=This is a book。It is interesting。这是一本有趣的书。
There is something interesting in the news。(=There is something in the news。 It is interesting。消息中有些有趣的事。
The man sitting by the window is our math teacher。(=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher。靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师
The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。(=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai。那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。
Most of students singing were girls。(=Most of the students who were singing?唱歌的学生多数是女生。
Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer。(=Many of the villagers who were questioned?被问的许多村里人都拒绝。
注意:(1)分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别:
分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系,而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。
现在分词 动名词
A sleeping child(a child who is sleeping正在睡觉的孩子 A sleeping car(a car for sleeping卧车
A flying bird(a bird that is flying飞鸟 A flying course(a course for flying飞行课程
A swimming girl(a girl who is swimming游泳的女孩 A swimming pool(a pool for swimming游泳池
The running water(the water that is running流水 The running track(the track for running跑道 现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读,动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。
(2)现在分词作定语时,它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生(或差不多同时发生。
例如:
Who is the boy dancing over there?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?
The girls swimming in the sea were in danger。 在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。
如果两个动作在时间上有先后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而往往用主从复合句结构。 例如:
The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again。到上海去的那个人会回来的。
The teacher wants to talk to the students who smashed the windows。老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。
(3)be的现在分词being不能用作定语(可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词。表示这种概念时,也用主从复合句结构。
例如:
He has a brother who is a worker。他有一个当工人的兄弟。
2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。
例如:
Seeing the teacher entering the room,the students stood up。(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room,They stood up。学生们看见老师走进房间,都站了起来。 (时间
Heated,the Metal expands。 (=The metal expands if /when it is heated。金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间
Being excited,I couldn’t go to sleep。(=As I was excited ,I couldn’t go to sleep。我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因
Being a student,he was interested in sports。(=As he was a student,he was interested in sports。 他是个学生,所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因
Inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。(=As they were inspired by Dr.Yang’s speech,Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder。李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞,决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因 The children went away laughing。=The children went away。They laughed as they went。孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式
The professor stood there,surrounded by many students。(=The professor stood there。He was surrounded by many students。教授站在那里,许多学生围着他。(行为方式
While reading the newspaper,father nodded from time to time。(=While he was reading the newspaper,father nodded from time to time。看报时,父亲不时地点头。(时间(分词前,可加表示时间的连词while或when。
3、作宾语补足语。
例如:
Can you get the machine going again?你能使机器再动起来吗?
You should have your hair cut。你该理发了。
I saw him coming last night。我昨天晚上看见他来了。
4、作表语。
例如:
The film is very moving。这部影片很感人。
Your homework is well done。你的作业做得好。
The visitors looked surprised.参观者看上去很惊讶。
The boys were seen walking on the grass。有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。
5、作句子独立成分(分词有自己的逻辑主语时,称为独立主格结构。)
例如:
Flags flying,the army men marched in the streets。旗帜飘扬,军队在街上行进。
All his ribs broken,he lay half dead。他的肋骨全部折断,半不活地躺着。
分词(短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,也就是在分词前面加上它的逻辑主语。
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to play together我妻子与莎莉谈了很长时间,解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(现在分词explaining是句子主语my wife做的动作,它们之间是主动关系
Given more attention,the trees could have grown better。如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。(过去分词given表示的动作是句子主语the trees承受的动作,它们之间是被动关系
We explored the caves,Peter acting as guide。我们到那山洞探险,彼得做向导。 (独立主格 The train having gone,we had to wait another day。分词短语做状语时,前面可以加上连词或介词,但是分词短语和句子之间不能用并列连词(如but,and,因为并列连词接的是两个并列成分,而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分。分词和主句之间可用逗号。
例如:
误:Having been told many times,but he still couldn’t understand it。
正:He was told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it。
注意:(1)分词作状语时,逻辑主语即句子的主语;否则要用从句或独立主格结构来表示。 例如:
Looking out of the window,I saw lots of people there。(=When I looked out of the window,I saw lots of people there。
我往窗外一看,看见那儿有许多人。 (looking out of the window的逻辑主语,就是句子的主语I。
(2)在see,hear,watch,notice等动词后,用动词不定式作宾语补语,通常表示(强调动作从开始到结束的全过程。如果用现在分词作宾语补语,则通常表示动作正在进行。 例如:
We sat two hours and watched the teacher make the experiment。我们坐了两个小时,看老师做实验。(两小时一直在看老师做实验
We passed by the classroom and saw the teacher making the experiment。我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只是在走过教宰的一刹那间,看见老师正存做实验
I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back。我看见他走进房间,打开抽屉,拿出一份文件,拍了照又放回去(表示一个接一个的一系列动作的全过程时,用动词不定式。
1. Nancy is too young to dress herself.
Nancy is not _____ _____ to dress herself.
2. My watch doesn't work well.
There is ____ _____ _______ my watch.
3. Jane doesn't go to work by bus any longer.
Jane ____ _____ _____ to work by bus.
4. It took Mary two weeks to prepare for the exam.
Mary _____two weeks____ ______ for the exam.
5. It seems that they have known each other.
They seem to _____ _____ each other.
6. "My grandpa doesn't like coffee or coke" said Bob
Bob said that _____grandpa liked _____coffee _____coke.
7. Cao Fei joined the League three years ago.
Cao Fei _____ ____ _____ the League for three years.
8. I prefer walking there to going by bus.
I prefer to walk there ____ _____ going by bus.
9. -Thank you very much. -You're welcome.
- ____ a lot. -Not at____ .
10. Kitty does well in English.
Kitty ____ ____ ____ English.
11. They realized Hainan was a beautiful place after they reached there.
They____ realize Hainan was a beautiful place_____ they reached there.
12. We will have to finish the work hardly if you don't help us. We can't finish the work _____ _____ ______
13. My dictionary isn't so thick as yours.
My dictionary is _____ than yours.
14. Could you tell me where the East Street Hospital is? Excuse me, ____ is the _____ to the East Street Hospital?
15. The book is exciting to read.
It is ____ _____ read the book.
16. Jack's mother asked him, "Have you packed your things?" Jack's mother asked him ____ he ____ packed his things.
17. She likes singing better than dancing. She ____ singing ____ dancing.
18. Remember to ring me up as soon as you get to Nanjing Make ____ to give me a ring as soon as you _____ Nanjing.
19. They couldn't catch the train because of the heavy traffic. The heital?
15. The book is exciting to read.
It is ____ _____ read the book.
16. Jack's mother asked him, "Have you packed your things?" Jack's mother asked him ____ he ____ packed his things.
17. She likes singing better than dancing. She ____ singing ____ dancing.
18. Remember to ring me up as soon as you get to Nanjing Make ____ to give me a ring as soon as you _____ Nanjing.
19. They couldn't catch the train because of the heavy traffic. The heavy traffic _____ them from _____ the train.
20. My brother has been away from home for two days.
My brother _____ home two days _____ .
21. Li Lei decided to move to Canada when he was thirty.
Li Lei made a _____ to move to Canada at the _____ of thirty.
22. Jim was too careless to pass the exam last term.
Jim was not_____ _____ to pass the exam last term.
23. If you don't hurry up, you can't catch the train.
Hurry up, _____ you may _____ the train.
24. Yang Li wei said to us, "I'm going to visit your school tomorrow. " We were all pleased.
We were all pleased when we heard Yang Li wei_____ visit_____ school the next day.
25. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. I have ____seen _____ an interesting film before.
26. I was late for school because of the traffic accident. The traffic accident _____ me _____ getting to school on time.
我是一名三年级的小学生,这一个暑假过完我就是四年级的小学生了。俗话说“书是人类进步的阶梯。”我一定要利用这个暑假多读书。
我的指导老师给我推荐了一本《简爱》,这个故事讲的是一个十岁的小女孩名叫简爱。书中的这个小女孩的生活过的非常艰苦、艰难,常常吃不饱、睡不足。当我看这本书的前几章时,我就觉的这个小女孩很可怜,从小就没有父母,被送到别人家领养。而且这家人对她也不好,把她一个人锁到一间从没有人住的房间里。书中领养她的那个舅妈的孩子经常打骂她,不给她看书、玩玩具。还整天把她关在房子里,不让她出去到外面游玩。自己却跟着妈妈去坐马车到处游玩。
书中还说到那个小女孩和朴人们生病了,她舅妈就去请药济师为她们看病。而自己和孩子生病就请医生给他们看病。这是前几章书中所说的事情,让人读了就感觉这个小女孩的生活很艰苦。
后面又讲的是一位先生向小女孩的舅妈提出了把小女孩送到学校里的事情。小女孩的舅妈也同意了。到了学校小女孩的生活依然很艰难,吃不饱,睡不足。但是经过努力后她的生活变的有所好转,能吃饱睡足。她还交了一位好朋友,她的名字叫海伦。不幸的是在学校里有疾病的传染,全校有八十名学生,有四十五名被传染海伦就是其中之一。小女孩为了陪她的好朋友最后一晚违返了校规,去找她的好朋友海伦陪她睡最后一晚。当小女孩早晨睡醒时发现她在这个学校里最好的朋友消失了,她很伤心。
要说在本学期内我最喜爱的一本书,那自然是《简·爱》喽。
自从学了《小草和大树》这篇课文后,我就对从逆境中成长的夏洛蒂·勃朗特写的《简·爱》着迷起来。
小说中的简·爱出生于一个穷牧师家庭,在她很小的时候,父母由于染上伤寒,在一个月内相继去世。年幼的简寄养在舅妈家里,受尽歧视和瘧待。后来,简被送进劳渥德孤儿院。孤儿院教规严厉、生活艰苦,她在那里接受了八年的教育。
从孤儿院出来后,简到桑菲尔德庄园做家庭教师,并与主人罗切斯特相爱了。他们在教堂举行婚礼,可是婚礼当天,她才知道罗切斯特多年前已经结婚。法律阻碍了他们的爱情,使两人陷入了深深的痛苦之中。
在一个凄风苦雨之夜,简离开了罗切斯特。后来桑菲尔德庄园在一场大火中烧成废墟,纵火的疯女人坠楼身亡,罗切斯特也受伤并残疾。简·爱受尽磨难,最后原谅了罗切斯特,并与他结了婚,过上了幸福的生活。
这本书里的情节时常让我潸然泪下,对简·爱报以深深的同情。夏洛蒂·勃朗特和简·爱一样,都是在受尽磨难后依靠坚强的意志昂首挺胸。可以看出她们的人生主张一爱与尊严,两者缺一不可。
人生的道路是坎坷的,只有你有强大的信念、刚强坚韧的内心和坚持不懈的努力,才能通向幸福的大门。这是这本书告诉我的道理。
一开始,我们一家人围坐在餐桌旁,开始互相寒暄。爸爸关切地问爷爷奶奶:“爸,妈,您们最近身体好吗?”“挺好的,不用担心。”然后爷爷奶奶就询问爸爸工作上的情况、我的学习等等。接着外公又嘱咐我说初三学习固然很紧要,但也一定要注意休息。总之,无非叙些家长里短不久,外婆和妈妈陆陆续续端来几道美味的菜,大家就又连连称赞。本来,我以为难得过节能这样一家人齐聚一堂,应该彼此有很多话想说,但谁知菜一上齐,大家就渐渐沉默了。有的开始只顾着看电视上的春晚,有的开始一心看手机新闻,最过分的是,连“吃”这一基本环节都被影响了,姑妈说:“各位稍等,请先别起筷,待我拍个照片发朋友圈。”她非但要将整桌子的菜摆成好看的形状,拍个“全家福”。还要给每一道菜都拍个特写。别人还可,两个年幼的表弟表妹可饿得等不及了,表妹撅起小嘴,抗议道:“这样光拍照,不吃,有什么意思呢?”惹得大家都乐了。
终于大家起筷,餐桌周围陷入了与春节的热闹气氛好不相衬的沉默之中。除了电视的声音,和手机的按键声,没有什么声音,偶尔有人在手机上看到有意思的新闻,说出来分享一下,也不过大家略议论几句就又安静下来了。别人没话说,表弟表妹可是非常想和大家聊天。他们不停的呼唤,餐桌旁的每一个人都喊了个遍,可是没有得到丝毫关注。最后,表弟无奈地说:“他们怎么都不理我们呢?不如我们两个一块儿玩算了。”于是两个小朋友就闷闷不乐地离开餐桌,一起到客厅玩玩具去了。
饭后,姑妈让我们上微信给她发的照片点赞。于是爸爸就找到她发的照片,给她点了赞。我看到照片旁还配了文字:“团年饭,一家人欢聚一堂,真是其乐融融!”可是,今晚大家都只顾着做自己的事情,餐桌旁缺少了应有的欢声笑语,只有尴尬的沉默,这样也能叫其乐融融吗?
餐桌前的谈话,不仅仅只是亲人之间的闲谈,更是寄托着亲人之间的爱与关怀。现在,交通条件比从前发得多,团圆已经并非难事。可是人们普遍变得更加浮躁,整天忙于做自己的事情,不懂得珍惜与家人团聚的时光,所以即使是在本该身心放松,与家人谈笑的聚餐时光,都只顾着看电视、玩手机等等,餐桌前的谈话就越来越少了。团圆的意味渐渐失去了。
一家人在餐桌前一齐吃饭,这是一幅美好的画面,而其中最美好的',便是餐桌前的谈话。我衷心希望有一天,餐桌前又总能听见温馨的谈话声。
1. It is fun at school.
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2.I like grapes.
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3. Miss Green is a good English teacher.
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4. Norman likes maths.
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5. Jim is watching TV.
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6.There are so many animals.
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7.I can hear something in the next room.
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8. I’ve got the letter“n”.
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9. MMike has got a picture of Shanghai.
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10.There’s a big playroom in our school.
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11. They have got some bananas.
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12. Tom and Jim are watching a match.
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13. I want some carnations for my mother.
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14. Those are roses.
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又到吃饭的时候了,桌上摆着新鲜的白灼虾,诱人的红烧肉,绿油油的小青菜,还有一大锅炖了好久的排骨汤,真是荤素搭配,营养丰富,一看就是外公外婆精心为我准备的。外婆在一边不停地对我说“多吃点虾,长高个,喝点排骨汤,补钙的,再吃点蔬菜,补充维C……”哎,我一直对大人们这种“填鸭”式喂养有意见,我看着满桌丰盛的菜肴一点胃口也没有,慢吞吞地嚼着饭,满脑子里只有牛排汉堡。外公看我一副不乐意的样子,不高兴地说:“你这孩子真是身在福中不知福,你妈妈在你这么大的时候,不管买什么东西都要凭票,买肉要肉票,买米要粮票……全是由国家统一分配,想多买些肉都不行。 ”“是啊!是啊!”爸爸也在一边接着说,“如果我小时候天天有鸡蛋吃牛奶喝,我还会长得更高些!”一直没开口的妈妈说话了,“吃饭的时候别教育孩子,会消化不良的。”还是妈妈好啊!可我又听到妈妈接着说“赵怡霖,多吃点,你看你瘦得……”看着四个大人围着我,四张嘴说个不停,我只好一声不吭,谁叫我长得像根小豆芽菜呢?他们也是为了我有个好身体,想给我增加营养啊!哎,这就是我们家,每次吃饭最后都变成了忆苦思甜。不过,我觉得他们说得也有道理,我们现在的生活确实像掉进了蜜罐里,我也十分庆幸,我生活在幸运的年代,能过着幸福的生活。外公这个老党员曾告诉我:“这都是党的功劳!” 是党,让我们的生活更美好!如果把党比作阳光,那我们就是花儿,花儿在阳光下茁壮生长,我们在党的关怀下幸福成长。我们要像花儿吸取养料一样,不断汲取知识,学好本领,将来报效祖国。我坚信,在我们不懈的努力下,祖国的明天会更美好!
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