1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
今天 上午,耿老师领着我和郭亚昭、田华方锐、路培馨等十几个同学一起到厂职工医院打预防针。
快走到预防科,早听到里面传出小孩的哭啼声和大人们哄孩子的安慰声。我有点儿紧张。身穿白大褂的打针阿姨看到我们来了,让耿老师给我们排好队,按次 序来。几个男同学挤着站在前面,我和几个女同学站在后面,等喊到我们打的时候,姚顺宇第一个走进医疗室,不一会儿,只见他捋着袖子笑着走出来说:“一点儿 也不疼,你们快进去打吧!”同学们都按着次序一个一个地走进去,几个男同学都是笑着走出来,看到他们都那么勇敢,我想我也要勇敢一点。该我打针了,我也轻 松地走进医疗室,当看到医生阿姨拿着的针管时,不由得害怕的只往旁边站,医生阿姨微笑着看着我,好像在说:”别怕小朋友!你要勇敢点儿。”我又想几个男同 学都已经给我们做了表率,我身为班长更应该带好头。想着,我赶快脱下袖子手掐腰就让医生阿姨给我打针,我看着阿姨给我打完针,始终没有吭一声,医生阿姨微 笑着夸我说:“你真勇敢!”其他的几个女同学就连平时最胆小的月月也都没有哭,耿老师夸奖我们现在都是勇敢的同学了。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
导入:
第1段:Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧
正文:
第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由
第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由
结论:
第4段:Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点 オ
“医生来了,医生来了!”“调皮鬼”李骏边喊着边飞一般地冲进教室。刚才有闹有笑的同学顿时像一群受惊的小鹿,纷纷跑回了自己的`座位。今天是学校打乙肝预防针的日子,这不,现在轮到了我们班。
果然,三位白衣天使幽灵般地飘进了教室,四周的空气刹那间仿佛凝固了。教室里到处人心惶惶,同学们有的惊吓得身子一个劲发抖,有的害怕得蜷缩在了墙角里,还有的竟喃喃自语地拜佛祈祷:“阿弥陀佛,千万别让我是第一个。”一种前所未有的恐惧感与紧张感笼罩着教室,似乎是世界末日来临了一样。
“谁先来打针!”当医生的话音响起,整个教室鸦雀无声,静得连一根针掉落在地上都能听得一清二楚,没人敢回应医生的话。医生看见同学们畏畏缩缩的样子,便再次重复了刚才说的话,但同学们依旧噤若寒蝉,悄无声息。“哪位同学是班长?能带个头吗?”医生抑制住心中的不耐烦,发话了。只见全班同学那明亮的眼睛齐刷刷都扫向了我,那目光中带有一丝丝的同情。我万般无奈,只好慢吞吞地走上讲台,像个木头人似地站在那里,怯生生地伸出了右手。医生将浸过酒精的棉签涂在了我的胳膊上,让我不禁感到一丝寒意蹿上心头。我屏住呼吸,把头扭向了一边,浑身不由得起了一层鸡皮疙瘩。当医生的针头快要触及我的皮肤时,时间似乎在瞬间停止了,同学们有的紧眯双眼,不敢看针头与皮肤“亲密接触”的那一刻;有的则把头伸得像长颈鹿一样,观看着我面对“刑”的慷慨表情。突然,我感到胳膊上有一种被蚊子叮咬的刺痛,我睁开双眼一看,预防针竟然已经顺利打完了。
我潇洒地走下奖台,同学们立刻凑过来,七嘴八舌地向我进行了“现场采访”:“打预防针疼吗?”“会不会流呀?”……。我装出一副大无畏的样子说到:“没事的,就像被蚊子叮咬一样,一点也不疼。”有了我的带动,同学们也都不害怕了,都争先恐后地排队打针,医生也忙得七上八下,结果没过一节课,我们全班注射预防针的任务就大功告成。
经过这次打针事件,我发现,表面让人感到很害怕的事情往往不一定是件坏事。
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