高中使用公筷的作文结构框架【一】
Dan Sperber和Deirdre Wilson的关联理论是在H。P。Grice的交际理论与会话含意理论的基础上发展起来的，他们合着的《关联性：交际与认知》一书中对其有很精辟的阐述。关联理论作为认知语言学一个理论给西方语用学界带来了极大影响。它将关注的核心投到人类交际与话语理解方面，其影响力已超出了语用学领域，延伸到翻译领域。因为自然语言中的每个话语都可以有多种理解，要正确的理解自然语言，就必须通过语境来寻找信息的关联，然后根据话语和语境的关联进行推理。而翻译中为达到语用等效，其前提正是正确地理解自然语言。因此，关联理论就成为可以指导翻译的语用翻译理论。
高中使用公筷的作文结构框架【二】
当然，首先摆在面前的问题是，什么是社会结构?“社会结构”曾经一度是社会学理论和分析的一个核心概念。我们也经常会说到社会结构这个词，甚至还抱怨过我们的社会结构不合理等，但在专业的社会学内，社会结构成为得以组织起来的“行动”和“结构”二元论的主要争端。牛津社会学简明词典里这样定义社会结构：一个被宽泛的用来代指某些社会行为循环发生模式;或者更具体地说，是指社会系统或者社会的不同元素之间的组织有序的相互关联。这个概念化的东西不太容易理解，所以我更愿意以实际例子来看待这个结构是如何运转的。
首先是制度结构，自人类诞生之日起，制度就随之产生。我们常说，无规矩不成方圆，正是因为有了制度，我们的社会机器才能有序的运转。而要讨论制度，就不能避免说到社会功能，我们的社会正是由担任不同社会功能的各个部分拼凑而成，社会制度在其中担当了连接线的角色。每一个社会成员都在整个社会发展过程中扮演者不同的角色，但毫无疑问，都在给社会的发展提供着动力。社会制度组成了一个社会的框架或骨架，这样的例子包括大范围的结构，诸如婚姻、男权政治、财产、合同、群体商讨、商品交换、官僚作风、主权以及选择性教育等等，另外还包括日常存在的微结构，诸如关注排队、交谈顺序、礼物赠予等等。这些大范围的和小范围的制度，集合在一起就形成一个概莫能外的制度结构，诸如封建主义、世袭主义、工业主义、资本主义等等。这些社会制度和制度的衍生物绝对不能被研究者物化。作为文化现象，他们是精神而非物质的存在。因此，制度模式是存在于个体的思想中，但是他们有一个虚拟的客观性，这就将他们置于特殊的个体之外。作为一个社会整体，就好像一个人体一样，制度结构出了问题，整个社会就必然会出现问题。而同样的，不可能会有完美的制度结构，我们所做的努力也只不过是希望现存的制度结构能够符合当今社会的现状，或者说，让制度更接近这个世界资源的分配方式。
刚刚说到大范围的社会结构，婚姻、亲属、男权与女权这些，单从制度上来讲是不够充分的，或者是从社会的主体来讲，这些应该被分在关系结构这一类，这些对人类的行动上规定了明显的.关系约束。社会关系在一个社会关系中一般是反复出现的，正是这种一般性，才给予无论在社会中什么地方出现的社会关系以一个普通的“结构形式”。社会关系的结构形式是导致“特定场合的变化”原因的“一般或规范的形式”。既然关系和规范之间的区别不是绝对的，因此这任然是基本的原则，社会关系只能依靠通过人们在他们的行动中应用的规范或规则而存在，但是，这些关系不仅仅是来自对规则的宣读。对结构的探究就必然涉及到结构层次的区别，关系结构和制度结构并不是整个社会结构的全部，虽然如此，但这两者涉及到的结构层次依然足够的复杂。由个体的人到其组成的家庭，再由家庭组成社区、城市，到最后的国家、民族，这其中都无可避免的被制度包围着。而我觉得用我们更容易理解的方式解读出来就是关系网，这张网覆盖了这个世界每一个有人类存在的地方。
高中使用公筷的作文结构框架【三】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
高中使用公筷的作文结构框架【四】
Sperber和Wilson主张用“关联原则”来解释人类的交际。他们认为，语言交际是一个认知过程，交际双方之所以能够配合默契，是因为有一个最佳的认知模式，即“关联”。关联由两个因素决定：语境效果和心智努力。人类认知活动的目标就是在认知过程中力图以最小的心智努力获得最大的语境效果。为了达到这个目标，人们必须把注意力集中于最为“关联”的信息，以获取信息和语境的最佳关联。最佳关联是指在话语理解时以一定的心智努力获得足够的语境效果。
交际是否成功关键在于人对事物之间的联系或关联的认识。人类在认知过程中往往以最大关联为取向，但在实际交际过程中我们只能期待产生一个最佳关联，即听者在理解话语时用最小的认知努力获得足够的语境效果，并以交际为取向。关联理论认为语境是一个在互动过程中为了正确理解话语而存在于人们大脑中的一系列假设，所以关联理论的语境不限于现实环境中的情景或话语本身的语境，交际中的语境不是固定不变的，而是动态的。而最佳的语境效果是由明示——推理模式提供的。明示，即说话人明白无误地表达出自己的意图；推理，即听话人从说话人提供的信息中推断出说话人暗含的意图。其中，听话人的推理是理解话语的核心，而关联则是听话人推理的基础。对话语进行推理就是在话语与语境假设之间寻找一种关联，关联选取得当就会获得足够的语境效果，有了语境效果，就能正确理解话语，使交际获得成功。
