双减政策议论文作文框架【一】
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.
双减政策议论文作文框架【二】
这是一本非常有意思的小书，讲的是关于了解对手打算如何战胜你，然后战而胜之的艺术——博弈论。博弈论已经为现实生活当中的策略家们提供了许多有用的启迪，而博弈论的研究者们却将这门学问陷入了行话术语和数学符号之中。作者用描述性的例子和案例分析取代了理论证明，将博弈论中的很多重要思想翻译过来，使我们这些非专业读者也能够在其中受益。在诸多的理论和案例中，我最感兴趣的是博弈论在政治上的一个应用——边缘政策。
一、 全书理论体系 就像托尔金的《指环王》一样，这本书是讲故事取胜的。所以书中涉及的博弈论理论并不是特别复杂，更多的是博弈论中的一些结论和应用，包括：单阶段博弈中的优势策略、劣势策略和均衡策略，合作博弈中的威胁、许诺和信号理论，非合作博弈中的混合策略理论，最后是博弈论与经济学等相结合的一些理论应用。 故事和案例以其形象性取胜，甚至更能够给人以启迪，理论体系的简单也不会降低本书的影响力，下面针对边缘政策进行重点举例，写一下本人的读书心得。
二、 边缘政策及其实质 冷战时期，边缘政策被美国一再祭起。1956年1月，美国国务卿杜勒斯主张美国“不怕走战争边缘，但要学会走到战争边缘，又不卷入战争的必要艺术”。 关于杜勒斯和他的边缘政策，赫鲁晓夫有一段评论值得玩味。他在回忆录中写道, 杜勒斯的“ 外交政策有一个众所周知的公式, 就是搞战争边缘，但是不越过这个边缘” 。“ 即使在美国派遣伞兵和海军陆战队进人黎巴嫩时, 杜勒斯还是相当明智地不让冲突发展成战争。当我们同美国在叙利亚接近冲突的边缘时，他同样表现了克制。” “ 杜勒斯可能是个敌人, 但他却具有决不越过他经常谈论的那个‘边缘’的理智。” 边缘政策的本质在于故意创造风险。这个风险大到让对手难以承受的地步，从而迫使他按照你的意愿行事，以化解这个风险。实际上，边缘政策是一种威胁，只不过是非常特殊的类型。 威胁是对不肯与你合作的人进行惩罚的一种回应规则、一个无条件行动。威胁既有强迫性的，也有喝阻性的。强迫性的威胁的用意在于促使默认采取行动，而喝阻性威胁的目的在于组织某人采取行动。 一个无条件的行动可以使这个参与者获得策略上的优势，虽然是在后面行动，但这个回应规则在别人开始行动之前就实施了。在实践当中，实施起来代价惊人的威胁可能会出现两种错误：一种是威胁可能会失败，对方不肯退让，威胁却真的实施了；另一种是威胁在不该付诸实践的时候实施了。于是这种威胁变得不那么可信了。实施起来代价惊人的确定性威胁并不能让人信服，但表明代价惊人的威胁付诸实施的风险或概率却可以变得可信，于是便有了边缘政策。
三、 边缘政策的实施 实施边缘政策，要遵循以下几点内容： 首先，为代价惊人的惩罚设置合理的风险概率。边缘政策不仅在于创造风险，还在于小心控制这个风险的程度。惩罚机制触发的概率要大到能够使博弈的参与人按照自己的意愿行事，同时又小到让对方觉得可以接受。对于这个两难的问题，我们没有任何完美或者普遍有效的答案，边缘政策通常会是一个很管用的办法，却同样可能变成某种冒险经历。 其次，你要设法让惩罚措施的控制权超出自己的控制，从而断绝你自己重新确认底线的后路。当肯尼迪应对古巴导弹危机时，本希望通过麦克马拉曼说服海军参谋长修改海上封锁的标准程序使触发惩罚措施的风险将到足够低，然而这一套官僚机构自有一套行事方式，行动一旦触发就难以停止，以及组织内部存在相互冲突的.目标，这些事实队肯尼迪却是有力的，他可以借此威胁说要启动一个程序，这个程序他自己也不能保证可以停止。 再次，要将悬崖转化为一道光滑的斜坡，每向下滑一部都会面对失去控制而跌入深渊的风险。这有点像第6章的小步前进。小步前进是说如果承诺问题减小到一个足够小的范围，大的惊人的惩罚可以分解为许多小问题，其可信度问题就能自动解决。当你把悬崖转化为一道光滑的斜坡时，你的对手若用“意大利香肠”战术避开你的威胁，就会发现他自己将不断面对一个很小的遭遇灭顶之灾的概率。他每切下一篇香肠，无论这一片又多小，都有可能成为引发万劫不复的最后一片。 最后，设置有效的边缘逃离机制。受到威胁的一方通过同意边缘政策者的条件，必须有能力充分减小这一风险，通常是一路减小为零。否则，无论他做或是不做，都会遭到惩罚，也就不存在什么退让机制了。
边缘政策是走险棋，南宋著名的政论家陈亮在《酌古论》中写道，“履险者，兵家之危事，智将常用之而胜，他将常以之而败……故夫智者不恶夫履险，而恶乎无术”。边缘政策必须在知己知彼的前提下掌握适度原则，合理的控制是边缘政策成功的前提。 边缘政策只是在向前展望、向后推理时采用策略思维的一个很好的案例，在《策略思维》中还有很多非常好的思想和案例，尤其是在政治生活方面的论述颇为引人注目，这与两位作者背景是分不开的。虽然书籍在大陆的发行距离作者的写作时间已经有一段时间了，但是这本书仍然不失为博弈论方面雅俗共赏的杰作。
双减政策议论文作文框架【三】
关联理论强大的解释力为翻译研究提供了一个理论框架。在此框架下，从认知角度对翻译过程进行描写，把翻译过程看作是原者—译者—读者之间的两个交际过程，在动态语境中找出各种信息之间的最佳关联，对真实交际意图做作出推理，从而能够全面、科学的阐释话语理解，达到翻译这一交际的目的。
参考文献：
[1]Gutt，Ernst—August。Translation and Relevance：Cognition and Context[M]。Oxford：Blackwell，1991。
[2]Sperber，D。& Wilson，D。Relevance：Communication and Cognition[M]。Oxford： Blackwell，1986。
[3]苗兴伟。关联理论对语篇连贯性的解释[J]。外语教学与研究，1999，（3）。
[4]蒋坚松，黄振定。语言与翻译研究[M]。北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000。
[5]曾文雄。语用翻译学研究[M]。武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007。
双减政策议论文作文框架【四】
（1） 不同观点列举型（ 选择型 ）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that __题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows： in the first place， ___原因一_______.Furthermore， in the second place， ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.
People， however， differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view， on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand， ____原因二_____. Therefore， there is no doubt that ___观点二______.
As far as I am concerned， I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________， but also because _________. The more _______， the more ________.
（2）利弊型的`议论文
Nowadays， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）___作文题目
______. In fact， there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking， it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly， ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes， "every coin has two sides"， __讨论议题______ is no exception， and in another word， it still has negative aspects. To begin with， ___缺点一______. In addition， ____ 缺点二______.
To sum up， we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play， and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case， we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
（3）答题性议论文
Currently， there is a widespread concern over （the issue that）__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result， we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all， __途径一______. In addition， anotheer way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.
Above all， to solve the problem of ___作文题目______， we should find a
number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned， I would prefer to solve the problem in this way， that is to say， ____方法_____.
（4） 谚语警句性议论文
It is well know to us that the proverb： " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. （ also theoretically ）
A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore， it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二_.
Itis not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.
（2）利弊型的议论文
目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题
_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspJust As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides",is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with,To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 讨论议题
into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.
( 3 答题性议论文
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this pr______, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concern
( 4 谚语警句性议论文
语 has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our stu. ( also theoretically
______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____ With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语
_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job..
★★★图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the _____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases,significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to
show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.
As far as I am concerned,
I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.
