一般说来,用on和at表示“as soon as, once”。on后面常接“来、去”之类的词,at后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词。in后面接其他带动作的词,相对于从属连词“while”。
例1:On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them.当他把晶体揭开时,发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙,他吃了一惊。
例2:In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.
我在跑下楼的时候,听见钟敲了十二下。
例3:He jumped with joy at hearing the news.他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。
如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性(包括谓语有情态动词或之后性,则可以用“关系代词或关系副词+不定式”来简化,或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词。要注意的是,此时的不定式一定要是及物动词,如果是不及物,则需要在动词后面加上相应的介词,使之成为及物动词短语。这个结尾的介词可以提前到关系代词前面,也可以继续留在句尾。前者是正式说法,后者是非正式说法。
例1:We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.
我们搬到了乡下,好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩。
改为:We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.
或者:We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.
例2:He felt miserable unless he had neighbors (whomhe could quarrel with.
他要是没有可以吵架的邻居就难受。
改为:He felt miserable unless he had neighbors with whom to quarrel.
或者:He felt miserable unless he had neighbors to quarrel with.
例3: The conference which will be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success. 计划在今天下午举行的会议一定会取得成功。
改为:The conference which to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success.
或者:The conference to be held this afternoon is bound to be a great success.
例4:At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, which will be available in 2005.
12月29日,美国邮政总局局长约翰·E·波特在檀香山从句了农历新年的纪念邮票小型张的揭幕仪式,这枚小型张将于2005年正式发行,它为农历新年的系列纪念邮票写下了完美的结局。(注意:与定语从句一样,也可以采用非限制性形式
改为:At a ceremony in Honolulu on Dec. 29, Postmaster General John E. Potter gave a preview of the Lunar New Year Commemorative Stamps Souvenir Sheet, the grand finale of the Lunar Year stamp series, to be available in 2005.
当which引导的定语从句指代主句全部内容时,可以把which改为it,作形式主语,把原来的主句改成正在主语。或者把定语从句的整个信息改换为名词短语作主语,使原来的定语从句变成简单句。
例4: He indulges himself all day in computer games, which makes his parents extremely sad.
改为:It makes his parents extremely sad that he indulges himself all day in computer games.
他整天沉湎于电脑游戏,这使他父母伤心至极。(主语从句
或者:His indulgence in computer games all day makes his parents extremely sad. (名词短语
同上面一样,At基本上后接sound,sight“听到、看到”之类的词;on接“回来、到达”之类的词;用in,during表示“when, while”;用over表示“while”之意。当然,这一切都是相对的分类。
例1:The little girl passed out at sight of a snake.小女孩一看到蛇就昏过去了。
例2:In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way.当我们急急忙忙从这儿到那儿的时候,一路上什么也没有看见。
例3:On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had already left.当他到达火车站的时候,他发现火车已经开走了。
例4:He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up the idea.
他本来想去,但进一步考虑后,打消了这个念头。
例5:During my absence, would you please take care of my cat?
在我不在的时候,请帮我照看一下猫,好吗?
例6:He fell asleep over a book.他看书的时候睡着了。
例7:After reelection he announces that he will not help.经过一番考虑后,他宣布将不提供任何帮助。
例8:After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies.毕业之后,他去了美国攻读博士。
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