1。 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“ W ”和一个“ H ”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些“ W ”和“ H ”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“ W ”和“ H ”进行构思是必不可少的。
2。 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children。 They have not eaten for days。" I took some food with me and went。
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger。 There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger。
I gave the rice to the mother。 She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice。 When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors — they are hungry also!"
3。 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away。 He was soon lost among people and traffic。 He could not find the way back home and started crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying。 They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened。 Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived。 The two students decided to take him home。 Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound。 She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it。 She served them with tea but they left。
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street。 After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home。 But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic。 When he could not find the way home, he started and crying。 Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop。 They immediately went up to him。
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked。
"I want Mom, I go home。" said the boy, still crying。
"Don't worry, we'll send you home。"
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house。 With the help of a policeman, they finally found it。
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house。 Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea。
1。 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street。 Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast。 I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side。 But it was too late。 The car hit my bike and I fell off it。
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard。 On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover。 Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short。 What could he do? Then he had a good idea。
2。 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的',这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3。 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4。 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things。 Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao。 It is really a beautiful city。 There are many places of interest to see。 But what impressed me most was the sunrise。
The next morning I got up early。 I was very happy because it was a fine day。 By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red。 In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing。 The sun was very red, not shining。 It rose slowly。 At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball。 At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright。
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5。 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something。 Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front。 I thought maybe someone was knocking the door。 I asked who it was but I heard no reply。 After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor。 I realized it was the cat。 I felt released。
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something。 "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front。 Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply。 After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor。 "It's you。" I said, quite released。
如果树苗因为怕痛而拒绝修剪,那就永远不会成材。
——题记
时间如流水,匆匆而逝,转眼间,我已从一个稚嫩的女孩长成了一个落落大方的初三毕业生。一路走来,磕磕绊绊,经历过痛苦与悲伤,开心与喜悦,承受过从谷底走到顶峰,又从顶峰跌下谷底。在岁月的洗礼中,我尝试着去面对一切困难,尝试着坚强,在尝试中成长。
一岁那年,我尝试着走路。但胆小的我不愿意松开妈妈的手,抓住不放,就像抓住最后一根救命稻草一样。妈妈一面想抓开我的手,一面又小心谨慎的想扶着我,她希望我能够独自学会走路,又不想我受伤。最后,妈妈咬咬牙,把我松开了。没了妈妈的持扶,我有些慌了,摇摇晃晃的,可怜兮兮的望着妈妈,妈妈前进两步,但还是没来。看来靠妈妈是没用了,我也只好靠自己了。我尝试着迈开右腿,双手张开,一个踉跄,摔在地上,疼得我哇哇大哭,可妈妈没有来扶我,我只好自己起来。可是胖嘟嘟的我爬起来实在是太困难了,过了几分钟才爬起来。我决心要靠自己,一定要学会走路,不管摔倒多少次,接下来的几个小时里,经常听到“砰”的摔跤声,摔倒,爬起来,摔倒,爬起来,再摔倒,继续爬,周而复始……最终,我学会了走路,当我走到妈妈面前时,妈妈开心得眼泪都出来了。
八岁,我尝试着骑自行车。刚开始,爸爸一直在后面扶着,我一直叫着“别松手,别松手!”我很害怕,万一爸爸一松手,要是摔倒了,肯定很痛。可谁知道,爸爸已经偷偷松开了手,刚开始我还不知道,当我一回头,发现爸爸已经松手了,一下子从车上摔了下来,说实话,疼我了。我问爸爸为什么松手,他说“相信自己”。我重新起来,骑上自行车.....经过几次失败,我终于掌握了要领,尽量保持平衡,终于学会了骑自行车。
回想以前,失败,我尝试着坦然面对失败,并努力学习,在下次考试中,取得优异成绩;与朋友吵架,我尝试着宽容,收获了友谊,在尝试中成长,让我的成长之路愈加精彩。
如花的春季,阅读辉煌的黎明,入水的心境,阅读幽静的岁月;如雪的灵魂,阅读奇妙的童话;如梦的岁月,阅读绚丽人生。
生活是什么?是欢笑,是泪水,是美妙的花,是苦涩的酒,是轻松得不能再轻松的甜歌,是沉重得不能再沉重的脚印——
小学时,我的成绩特差,上课经常走神,考试总是不及格。有一次上数学课,数学老师让我做一个简单的解答题,而我却无从下手,老师气愤的在我面前扔下一句:“呆脑子!”顿时,教室里响起了同学们的笑声。那一刻,我伤心的哭了,任同学们的取笑在我耳边回旋,我幼小的心灵差点崩溃。
我狼狈的冲出教室,一路小跑冲回家,妈妈听了我的事情后,脸色顿时青了。然后她抚摸着我的'头,严肃的说:“孩子记,住落后就要挨打。男子汉,只要努力,别人有的我们也会有。”妈妈讲完这句话时,我分明看见她的眼圈湿润了,这是我出生以来第一次看见妈妈哭,从那一刻起我记住了妈妈的话,我不再让妈妈为我流泪。
从那以后我每天拼了命的在学。上课如果走了神,我就会在自己的手掌上写个“心”字意思是要提醒自己专心致志。别的同学能用一分钟学会的知识,我学不会,那么我就用十分钟,一小时,直到学会为止。
就这样,我凭着这份苦劲和勇于尝试的精神,在期末考试中有倒数上升到正数第三。我的进步,使老师和同学们吃了一惊,他们想不到原先一个“呆脑子”的人,竟然能取得如此惊人的进步。
当我从老师手里接过鲜红的奖状时,我的眼泪不知不觉流了下来。我终于用我的不断尝试证明了我不是一个“呆脑子”。
我拿着奖状跑回家,小心地递给妈妈。顿时,妈妈傻了眼,等我回过神时,妈妈已经紧紧的把我抱在怀里,嘴里颤抖地说:“你做到了,你做到了。”
那一刻,我的心里彻底明白了,失败并不可怕,可怕的是不再去尝试。其实失败就是成功的开端,只有在失败中成长,在失败中尝试,才能经受住暴风雨的袭击。
脚下的路还很长,既然已经踏上了人生的航程,就不可拒绝让步;既然已选择了远方,就不要停留;既然风帆已扬起,就不要拒绝起航。让我们在尝试中健康成长,让我们在不断尝试中走向成功吧!
I was born in a beautiful town with high mountains around it.The mountains are covered with all kinds of green bamboo.Through the town runs a small stream.It’s said that a new railway is going to be built to the east of the town and a bamboo factory to the west.All the children of the school age can go to school.If anyone is ill,he can go to see the doctor in the newly-built hospital.People in the town are hard-working and never take the backwardness lying down.Though they are having a richer and better life,they are not satisfied with what they have got.They are working hard to build their town into a modern one.
导入:
第1段:提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题
正文:
第2段:Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法
结论:
第3段:These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法
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